@article{FrodermannWrohlichZucco2023,
  author    = {Frodermann, Corinna and Wrohlich, Katharina and Zucco, Aline},
  title     = {Parental leave policy and long-run earnings of mothers},
  series = {Labour economics},
  volume    = {80},
  journal   = {Labour economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0927-5371},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102296},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a "daddy quota" of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the "daddy months", could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IlievaWrohlich2022,
  author    = {Ilieva, Boryana and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Gender gaps in employment, working hours and wages in Germany},
  series = {CESifo forum},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {CESifo forum},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Ifo},
  address   = {Munich},
  issn      = {2190-717X},
  pages     = {17 -- 19},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JessenSpiessWaightsetal.2023,
  author    = {Jessen, Jonas and Spiess, C. Katharina and Waights, Sevrin and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {The gender division of unpaid care work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany},
  series = {German economic review},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {German economic review},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1465-6485},
  doi       = {10.1515/ger-2022-0003},
  pages     = {641 -- 667},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of day care centres and schools significantly increased the amount of care work done by parents. There has been much speculation over whether the pandemic increased or decreased gender equality in parental care work. Based on representative data for Germany from spring 2020 and winter 2021 we present an empirical analysis that shows that although gender inequality in the division of care work increased to some extent in the beginning of the pandemic, it returned to the pre-pandemic level in the second lockdown almost nine months later. These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic neither aggravated nor lessened inequality in the division of unpaid care work among mothers and fathers in any persistent way in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SondergeldWrohlich2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sondergeld, Virginia and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Women in management and the gender pay gap},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {66},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605813},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee-Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Wrohlich2023,
  author    = {Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Reformen bei Elterngeld und Ehegattensplitting k{\"o}nnten gleichstellungspolitische Impulse setzen},
  series = {Wirtschaftsdienst},
  volume    = {103},
  journal   = {Wirtschaftsdienst},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {ZBW},
  address   = {Hamburg},
  issn      = {0043-6275},
  doi       = {10.2478/wd-2023-0169},
  pages     = {600 -- 602},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Germany is characterised by large gender gaps in the labour market. Both the gender pay gap as well as the gender gap in working hours are among the highest in Europe. Family policy reforms such as increasing the parental leave period that is ear-marked for fathers as well as reducing the high marginal tax rates for secondary earners resulting from the joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting ("Ehegattensplitting") could help to mitigate the existing gender gaps in the labour market. These reforms are also paramount due to the increasing labour scarcity stemming from the demographic change.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Wrohlich2023,
  author    = {Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Elterngeld},
  series = {Ifo-Schnelldienst},
  volume    = {76},
  journal   = {Ifo-Schnelldienst},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung},
  address   = {M{\"u}nchen},
  issn      = {0018-974X},
  pages     = {9 -- 11},
  year      = {2023},
  language  = {de}
}