@article{FerreroBorghiniWunderetal.2018,
  author    = {Ferrero, Silvio and Borghini, Alessia and Wunder, Bernd and Walle, Markus and G{\"u}nter, Christina and Ziemann, Martin Andreas},
  title     = {A treasure chest full of nanogranitoids},
  series = {Metamorphic Geology: Microscale to Mountain Belts},
  volume    = {478},
  journal   = {Metamorphic Geology: Microscale to Mountain Belts},
  publisher = {Geological Soc Publishing House},
  address   = {Bath},
  isbn      = {978-1-78620-400-4},
  issn      = {0305-8719},
  doi       = {10.1144/SP478.19},
  pages     = {13 -- 38},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The central European Bohemian Massif has undergone over two centuries of scientific investigation which has made it a pivotal area for the development and testing of modern geological theories. The discovery of melt inclusions in high-grade rocks, either crystallized as nanogranitoids or as glassy inclusions, prompted the re-evaluation of the area with an 'inclusionist' eye. Melt inclusions have been identified in a wide range of rocks, including felsic/perpotassic granulites, migmatites, eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites, all the result of melting events albeit over a wide range of pressure/temperature conditions (800-1000°C/0.5-5 GPa). This contribution provides an overview of such inclusions and discusses the qualitative and quantitative constraints they provide for melting processes, and the nature of melts and fluids involved in these processes. In particular, data on trace-element signatures of melt inclusions trapped at mantle depths are presented and discussed. Moreover, experimental re-homogenization of nanogranitoids provided microstructural criteria allowing assessment of the conditions at which melt and host are mutually stable during melting. Overall this work aims to provide guidelines and suggestions for petrologists wishing to explore the fascinating field of melt inclusions in metamorphic terranes worldwide, based on the newest discoveries from the still-enigmatic Bohemian Massif.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CarvalhoBartoliFerrietal.2019,
  author    = {Carvalho, Bruna B. and Bartoli, Omar and Ferri, Fabio and Cesare, Bernardo and Ferrero, Silvio and Remusat, Laurent and Capizzi, Luca Samuele and Poli, Stefano},
  title     = {Anatexis and fluid regime of the deep continental crust: New clues from melt and fluid inclusions in metapelitic migmatites from Ivrea Zone (NW Italy)},
  series = {Journal of metamorphic geology},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Journal of metamorphic geology},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0263-4929},
  doi       = {10.1111/jmg.12463},
  pages     = {951 -- 975},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We investigate the inclusions hosted in peritectic garnet from metapelitic migmatites of the Kinzigite Formation (Ivrea Zone, NW Italy) to evaluate the starting composition of the anatectic melt and fluid regime during anatexis throughout the upper amphibolite facies, transition, and granulite facies zones. Inclusions have negative crystal shapes, sizes from 2 to 10 mu m and are regularly distributed in the core of the garnet. Microstructural and micro-Raman investigations indicate the presence of two types of inclusions: crystallized silicate melt inclusions (i.e., nanogranitoids, NI), and fluid inclusions (FI). Microstructural evidence suggests that FI and NI coexist in the same cluster and are primary (i.e., were trapped simultaneously during garnet growth). FI have similar compositions in the three zones and comprise variable proportions of CO2, CH4, and N-2, commonly with siderite, pyrophyllite, and kaolinite, suggesting a COHN composition of the trapped fluid. The mineral assemblage in the NI contains K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, graphite and, rarely, calcite. Polymorphs such as kumdykolite, cristobalite, tridymite, and less commonly kokchetavite, were also found. Rehomogenized NI from the different zones show that all the melts are leucogranitic but have slightly different compositions. In samples from the upper amphibolite facies, melts are less mafic (FeO + MgO = 2.0-3.4 wt\%), contain 860-1700 ppm CO2 and reach the highest H2O contents (6.5-10 wt\%). In the transition zone melts have intermediate H2O (4.8-8.5 wt\%), CO2 (457-1534 ppm) and maficity (FeO + MgO = 2.3-3.9 wt\%). In contrast, melts at granulite facies reach highest CaO, FeO + MgO (3.2-4.7 wt\%), and CO2 (up to 2,400 ppm), with H2O contents comparable (5.4-8.3 wt\%) to the other two zones. Our results represent the first clear evidence for carbonic fluid-present melting in the Ivrea Zone. Anatexis of metapelites occurred through muscovite and biotite breakdown melting in the presence of a COH fluid, in a situation of fluid-melt immiscibility. The fluid is assumed to have been internally derived, produced initially by devolatilization of hydrous silicates in the graphitic protolith, then as a result of oxidation of carbon by consumption of Fe3+-bearing biotite during melting. Variations in the compositions of the melts are interpreted to result from higher T of melting. The H2O contents of the melts throughout the three zones are higher than usually assumed for initial H2O contents of anatectic melts. The CO2 contents are highest at granulite facies, and show that carbon-contents of crustal magmas are not negligible at high T. The activity of H2O of the fluid dissolved in granitic melts decreases with increasing metamorphic grade. Carbonic fluid-present melting of the deep continental crust represents, together with hydrate-breakdown melting reactions, an important process in the origin of crustal anatectic granitoids.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreroWunderZiemannetal.2016,
  author    = {Ferrero, Silvio and Wunder, Bernd and Ziemann, Martin Andreas and Waelle, Markus},
  title     = {Carbonatitic and granitic melts produced under conditions of primary immiscibility during anatexis in the lower crust},
  series = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  volume    = {454},
  journal   = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.043},
  pages     = {121 -- 131},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Carbonatites are peculiar magmatic rocks with mantle-related genesis, commonly interpreted as the products of melting of CO2-bearing peridotites, or resulting from the chemical evolution of mantle derived magmas, either through extreme "differentiation or secondary immiscibility. Here we report the first finding of anatectic carbonatites of crustal origin, preserved as calcite-rich polycrystalline inclusions in garnet from low-to-medium pressure migmatites of the Oberpfalz area, SW Bohemian Massif (Central Europe). These inclusions originally trapped a melt of calciocarbonatitic composition with a characteristic enrichment in Ba, Sr and LREE. This interpretation is supported by the results of a detailed microstructural and microchemical investigation, as well as re-melting experiments using a piston cylinder apparatus. Carbonatitic inclusions coexist in the same cluster with crystallized silicate melt inclusions (nanogranites) and COH fluid inclusions, suggesting conditions of primary immiscibility between two melts and a fluid during anatexis. The production of both carbonatitic and granitic melts during the same anatectic event requires a suitable heterogeneous protolith. This may be represented by a sedimentary sequence containing marble lenses of limited extension, similar to the one still visible in the adjacent central Moldanubian Zone. The presence of CO2-rich fluid inclusions suggests furthermore that high CO2 activity during anatexis may be required to stabilize a carbonate-rich melt in a silica-dominated, system. This natural occurrence displays a remarkable similarity with experiments on carbonate-silicate melt immiscibility, where CO2 saturation is a condition commonly imposed. In conclusion, this study shows how the investigation of partial melting through melt inclusion studies may unveil unexpected processes whose evidence, while preserved in stiff minerals such as garnet, is completely obliterated in the rest of the rock due to metamorphic re-equilibration. Our results thus provide invaluable new insights into the processes which shape the geochemical evolution of our planet, such as the redistribution of carbon and strategic metals during orogenesis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BorghiniFerreroO'Brienetal.2019,
  author    = {Borghini, Alessia and Ferrero, Silvio and O'Brien, Patrick J. and Laurent, Oscar and G{\"u}nter, Christina and Ziemann, Martin Andreas},
  title     = {Cryptic metasomatic agent measured in situ in Variscan mantle rocks},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {976},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47459},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474592},
  pages     = {207 -- 234},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Garnet of eclogite (formerly termed garnet clinopyroxenite) hosted in lenses of orogenic garnet peridotite from the Granulitgebirge, NW Bohemian Massif, contains unique inclusions of granitic melt, now either glassy or crystallized. Analysed glasses and re-homogenized inclusions are hydrous, peraluminous, and enriched in highly incompatible elements characteristic of the continental crust such as Cs, Li, B, Pb, Rb, Th, and U. The original melt thus represents a pristine, chemically evolved metasomatic agent, which infiltrated the mantle via deep continental subduction during the Variscan orogeny. The bulk chemical composition of the studied eclogites is similar to that of Fe-rich basalt and the enrichment in LILE and U suggest a subduction-related component. All these geochemical features confirm metasomatism. In comparison with many other garnet+clinopyroxene-bearing lenses in peridotites of the Bohemian Massif, the studied samples from Rubinberg and Klatschm{\"u}hle are more akin to eclogite than pyroxenites, as reflected in high jadeite content in clinopyroxene, relatively low Mg, Cr, and Ni but relatively high Ti. However, trace elements of both bulk rock and individual mineral phases show also important differences making these samples rather unique. Metasomatism involving a melt requiring a trace element pattern very similar to the composition reported here has been suggested for the source region of rocks of the so-called durbachite suite, that is, ultrapotassic melanosyenites, which are found throughout the high-grade Variscan basement. Moreover, the Th, U, Pb, Nb, Ta, and Ti patterns of these newly studied melt inclusions (MI) strongly resemble those observed for peridotite and its enclosed pyroxenite from the T-7 borehole (Star{\´e}, Česk{\´e} Středhoři Mountains) in N Bohemia. This suggests that a similar kind of crustal-derived melt also occurred here. This study of granitic MI in eclogites from peridotites has provided the first direct characterization of a preserved metasomatic melt, possibly responsible for the metasomatism of several parts of the mantle in the Variscides.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorghiniFerreroO’Brienetal.2019,
  author    = {Borghini, Alessia and Ferrero, Silvio and O'Brien, Patrick J. and Laurent, Oscar and G{\"u}nter, Christina and Ziemann, Martin Andreas},
  title     = {Cryptic metasomatic agent measured in situ in Variscan mantle rocks},
  volume    = {38},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Oxford [u.a.]},
  issn      = {1525-1314},
  doi       = {10.1111/jmg.12519},
  pages     = {207 -- 234},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Garnet of eclogite (formerly termed garnet clinopyroxenite) hosted in lenses of orogenic garnet peridotite from the Granulitgebirge, NW Bohemian Massif, contains unique inclusions of granitic melt, now either glassy or crystallized. Analysed glasses and re-homogenized inclusions are hydrous, peraluminous, and enriched in highly incompatible elements characteristic of the continental crust such as Cs, Li, B, Pb, Rb, Th, and U. The original melt thus represents a pristine, chemically evolved metasomatic agent, which infiltrated the mantle via deep continental subduction during the Variscan orogeny. The bulk chemical composition of the studied eclogites is similar to that of Fe-rich basalt and the enrichment in LILE and U suggest a subduction-related component. All these geochemical features confirm metasomatism. In comparison with many other garnet+clinopyroxene-bearing lenses in peridotites of the Bohemian Massif, the studied samples from Rubinberg and Klatschm{\"u}hle are more akin to eclogite than pyroxenites, as reflected in high jadeite content in clinopyroxene, relatively low Mg, Cr, and Ni but relatively high Ti. However, trace elements of both bulk rock and individual mineral phases show also important differences making these samples rather unique. Metasomatism involving a melt requiring a trace element pattern very similar to the composition reported here has been suggested for the source region of rocks of the so-called durbachite suite, that is, ultrapotassic melanosyenites, which are found throughout the high-grade Variscan basement. Moreover, the Th, U, Pb, Nb, Ta, and Ti patterns of these newly studied melt inclusions (MI) strongly resemble those observed for peridotite and its enclosed pyroxenite from the T-7 borehole (Star{\´e}, Česk{\´e} Středhoři Mountains) in N Bohemia. This suggests that a similar kind of crustal-derived melt also occurred here. This study of granitic MI in eclogites from peridotites has provided the first direct characterization of a preserved metasomatic melt, possibly responsible for the metasomatism of several parts of the mantle in the Variscides.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartoliAcostaVigilFerreroetal.2016,
  author    = {Bartoli, Omar and Acosta-Vigil, Antonio and Ferrero, Silvio and Cesare, Bernardo},
  title     = {Granitoid magmas preserved as melt inclusions in high-grade metamorphic rocks},
  series = {American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials},
  volume    = {101},
  journal   = {American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials},
  publisher = {Mineralogical Society of America},
  address   = {Chantilly},
  issn      = {0003-004X},
  doi       = {10.2138/am-2016-5541CCBYNCND},
  pages     = {1543 -- 1559},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This review presents a compositional database of primary anatectic granitoid magmas, entirely based on melt inclusions (MI) in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Although MI are well known to igneous petrologists and have been extensively studied in intrusive and extrusive rocks, MI in crustal rocks that have undergone anatexis (migmatites and granulites) are a novel subject of research. They are generally trapped along the heating path by peritectic phases produced by incongruent melting reactions. Primary MI in high-grade metamorphic rocks are small, commonly 5-10 pm in diameter, and their most common mineral host is peritectic garnet. In most cases inclusions have crystallized into a cryptocrystalline aggregate and contain a granitoid phase assemblage (nanogranitoid inclusions) with quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and one or two mica depending on the particular circumstances. After their experimental remelting under high-confining pressure, nanogranitoid MI can be analyzed combining several techniques (EMP, LA-ICP-MS, NanoSIMS, Raman). The trapped melt is granitic and metaluminous to peraluminous, and sometimes granodioritic, tonalitic, and trondhjemitic in composition, in agreement with the different P-T-a(H2o) conditions of melting and protolith composition, and overlap the composition of experimental glasses produced at similar conditions. Being trapped along the up-temperature trajectory as opposed to classic MI in igneous rocks formed during down-temperature magma crystallization fundamental information provided by nanogranitoid MI is the pristine composition of the natural primary anatectic melt for the specific rock under investigation. So far similar to 600 nanogranitoid MI, coming from several occurrences from different geologic and geodynamic settings and ages, have been characterized. Although the compiled MI database should be expanded to other potential sources of crustal magmas, MI data collected so far can be already used as natural "starting-point" compositions to track the processes involved in formation and evolution of granitoid magmas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorghiniFerreroWunderetal.2018,
  author    = {Borghini, Alessia and Ferrero, Silvio and Wunder, Bernd and Laurent, Oscar and Ziemann, Martin Andreas},
  title     = {Granitoid melt inclusions in orogenic peridotite and the origin of garnet clinopyroxenite},
  series = {Geology},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Geology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Boulder},
  issn      = {0091-7613},
  doi       = {10.1130/G45316.1},
  pages     = {1007 -- 1010},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Granitic melt inclusions were found in layers of garnet clinopyroxenites from orogenic peridotites hosted in high-pressure felsic granulites of the Granulitgebirge, central Europe. The inclusions are both glassy and crystallized, and occur as clusters in the garnet. Microstructural features suggest that the inclusions formed while garnet was growing as a peritectic phase, likely alongside clinopyroxene. The chemistry of the melt, in particular its trace element signature, shows a crustal contribution, probably due to the involvement of phengite in the melt-producing reaction, most likely in the presence of a fluid. The presence of a granitoid melt in mantle rocks may be the result of localized melting of a phengite-bearing protolith either already present in the peridotites or, more likely, within the local deeply subducted crustal units. In the latter case, the melt would have infiltrated the peridotites and generated pyroxenite via metasomatism. In either case, the presence of granitoid inclusions in orogenic peridotite provides direct evidence for a genetic connection between a high-pressure crustal melt and garnet pyroxenites. The in situ characterization of these remnants of natural melt provides direct quantitative constraints on (one of) the agents responsible for the interaction between crust and mantle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreroZiemannAngeletal.2016,
  author    = {Ferrero, Silvio and Ziemann, Martin Andreas and Angel, Ross J. and Wunder, Bernd},
  title     = {Kumdykolite, kokchetavite, and cristobalite crystallized in nanogranites from felsic granulites, Orlica-Snieznik Dome (Bohemian Massif): not evidence for ultrahigh-pressure conditions},
  series = {Contributions to mineralogy and petrology},
  volume    = {171},
  journal   = {Contributions to mineralogy and petrology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0010-7999},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00410-015-1220-x},
  pages     = {61 -- 65},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A unique assemblage including kumdykolite and kokchetavite, polymorphs of albite and K-feldspar, respectively, together with cristobalite, micas, and calcite has been identified in high-pressure granulites of the Orlica-Snieznik dome (Bohemian Massif) as the product of partial melt crystallization in preserved nanogranites. Previous reports of both kumdykolite and kokchetavite in natural rocks are mainly from samples that passed through the diamond stability field. However, because the maximum pressure recorded in these host rocks is <3 GPa, our observations indicate that high pressure is not required for the formation of kumdykolite and kokchetavite, and their presence is not therefore an indicator of ultrahigh-pressure conditions. Detailed microstructural and microchemical investigation of these inclusions indicates that such phases should instead be regarded as (1) a direct mineralogical criteria to identify former melt inclusions with preserved original compositions, including H2O and CO2 contents and (2) indicators of rapid cooling of the host rocks. Thus, the present study provides novel criteria for the interpretation of melt inclusions in natural rocks and allows a more rigorous characterization of partial melts during deep subduction to mantle depth as well as their behavior on exhumation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LanariFerreroGoncalvesetal.2019,
  author    = {Lanari, Pierre and Ferrero, Silvio and Goncalves, Philippe and Grosch, Eugene G.},
  title     = {Metamorphic geology},
  series = {Geological Society},
  volume    = {478},
  journal   = {Geological Society},
  publisher = {Geological Society},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-78620-400-4},
  issn      = {0305-8719},
  doi       = {10.1144/SP478-2018-186},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreroAngel2018,
  author    = {Ferrero, Silvio and Angel, Ross J.},
  title     = {Micropetrology},
  series = {Journal of petrology},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Journal of petrology},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0022-3530},
  doi       = {10.1093/petrology/egy075},
  pages     = {1671 -- 1700},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Inclusions in minerals, whether fluids, melts or crystalline phases, are small pieces of the large-scale puzzle of Nature, time-consuming to investigate and often of difficult interpretation. Yet they are windows into the past of their host mineral. Mineral inclusions provide the opportunity to unravel the genesis of their host, and the increasingly refined understanding of their elastic behaviour provides the basis for alternative, equilibrium-independent geobarometry. Fluid and melt inclusions reveal information about material transfer in the Earth system, from shallow mineralization to mantle re-fertilization via subduction. The study of inclusions is thus one of the most intriguing and fertile branches of micropetrology. In this contribution, we focus on two recent developments: the use of elasticity models to extract the formation conditions of the host crystal, and the discovery and investigation of melt inclusions in metamorphic rocks. We also discuss how to evaluate the information provided by inclusions, given that they are no longer at the pressure and temperature conditions of entrapment. We discuss how to understand and quantify the changes undergone during cooling and depressurization, and how metastability-related phenomena in inclusions, such as crystallization of rare polymorphs and preservation of the original content of volatiles in fluid and melt inclusions, provide direct evidence that inclusions represent closed systems. The field of study of inclusions in minerals still has a largely untapped potential. The most fruitful avenues for future research will emerge from continuous technological innovation in analytical and imaging techniques, the application of experimental petrology, and the development and application of new theoretical models for coupled mineral behaviour under changing P-T conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}