@article{MalliaLazurasBarkoukisetal.2016,
  author    = {Mallia, Luca and Lazuras, Lambros and Barkoukis, Vassilis and Brand, Ralf and Baumgarten, Franz and Tsorbatzoudis, Haralambos and Zelli, Arnaldo and Lucidi, Fabio},
  title     = {Doping use in sport teams: The development and validation of measures of team-based efficacy beliefs and moral disengagement from a cross-national perspective},
  series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.005},
  pages     = {78 -- 88},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Method: The first study relied on focus group data collected from twenty-one team sport professionals (mean age = 34; SD = 11.65). Four hundred and fourteen adolescent athletes (mean age = 16.69; SD = 1.55) participated in the second study, whereas seven hundred forty-nine adolescent team athletes (mean age = 16.43; SD = 1.69) participated in the third study. For the latter two studies, team athletes were recruited across Italy, Germany and Greece and provided data on the new team measures. Only athletes participating in the third study provided data on doping intentions. Results: The findings of the three studies supported the empirical goals of the investigation and provided evidence for the factor structure, reliability and validity of the team instruments. Furthermore, multi group findings supported the hypothesis that the new instruments would have equivalent measurement and validity characteristics across the three European countries. The conclusions focus on the conceptual and practical implications of these findings. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WolffBrandBaumgartenetal.2017,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf and Baumgarten, Franz and L{\"o}sel, Johanna and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Modeling students' instrumental (mis-)use of substances to enhance cognitive performance},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401441},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Healthy university students have been shown to use psychoactive substances, expecting them to be functional means for enhancing their cognitive capacity, sometimes over and above an essentially proficient level. This behavior called Neuroenhancement (NE) has not yet been integrated into a behavioral theory that is able to predict performance. Job Demands Resources (JD-R) Theory for example assumes that strain (e.g. burnout) will occur and influence performance when job demands are high and job resources are limited at the same time. The aim of this study is to investigate whether or not university students' self-reported NE can be integrated into JD-R Theory's comprehensive approach to psychological health and performance. Methods: 1,007 students (23.56 ± 3.83 years old, 637 female) participated in an online survey. Lifestyle drug, prescription drug, and illicit substance NE together with the complete set of JD-R variables (demands, burnout, resources, motivation, and performance) were measured. Path models were used in order to test our data's fit to hypothesized main effects and interactions. Results: JD-R Theory could successfully be applied to describe the situation of university students. NE was mainly associated with the JD-R Theory's health impairment process: Lifestyle drug NE (p < .05) as well as prescription drug NE (p < .001) is associated with higher burnout scores, and lifestyle drug NE aggravates the study demands-burnout interaction. In addition, prescription drug NE mitigates the protective influence of resources on burnout and on motivation. Conclusion: According to our results, the uninformed trying of NE (i.e., without medical supervision) might result in strain. Increased strain is related to decreased performance. From a public health perspective, intervention strategies should address these costs of non-supervised NE. With regard to future research we propose to model NE as a means to reach an end (i.e. performance enhancement) rather than a target behavior itself. This is necessary to provide a deeper understanding of the behavioral roots and consequences of the phenomenon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Baumgarten2017,
  author    = {Baumgarten, Franz},
  title     = {Nahrungserg{\"a}nzungsmittel im Nachwuchssport - Interventionsempfehlungen vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der Zielsysteme},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405652},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {127},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Aufgrund verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse wird jungen Sporttreibenden vom Gebrauch von Nahrungserg{\"a}nzungsmitteln (NEM) abgeraten. Diese Dissertation verfolgt vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der Zielsysteme (TDZ) das Ziel der Erstellung anwendungsorientieren Handlungswissens, anhand dessen Interventionsempfehlungen zur Reduzierung des pr{\"a}valenten NEM-Konsums im Nachwuchssport ableitbar sind. Insgesamt wurden sechs Untersuchungen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Versuchsteilnehmenden absolvierten in s{\"a}mtlichen Studien eine Variante der lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe. Diese Aufgabe diente der Operationalisierung von automatisch aktivier- und abrufbaren nahrungserg{\"a}nzungsmittelbezogenen Ziel-Mittel-Relationen. In einer Stichprobe von Sportstudierenden zeigte sich, dass NEM mit dem Ziel Leistung assoziiert sind (Studie 1). Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung des NEM-Konsums wurde dieses Ergebnis f{\"u}r Nachwuchsathletinnen und -athleten aus dem Breitensport repliziert (Studie 2). Zus{\"a}tzlich konnte in beiden Studien die Bedeutung dieser Ziel-Mittel-Relationen f{\"u}r das Verhalten nachgewiesen werden. In den nachfolgenden Untersuchungen wurden spezifische Ver{\"a}nderungsmechanismen der verhaltensleitenden Ziel-Mittel-Relation aus Leistung und NEM zun{\"a}chst an Sportstudierenden experimentell evaluiert. Durch das Herausstellen der fehlenden leistungssteigernden Wirkung von NEM konnte diese Zielassoziation nicht modifiziert werden (Studie 3). Das Betonen gesundheitssch{\"a}digender Konsequenzen (Studie 4) und das Akzentuieren einer gesunden Ern{\"a}hrung (Studie 5) erwiesen sich demgegen{\"u}ber als geeignet zur Ver{\"a}nderung der Ziel-Mittel-Relation. Das Herausstellen einer gesunden Ern{\"a}hrung f{\"u}hrte deskriptiv bei Nachwuchsathletinnen und -athleten ebenfalls zur Modifikation der Zielassoziation (Studie 6). Die inferenzstatistische Best{\"a}tigung der Ergebnisse dieser Studie steht aufgrund der geringen Testst{\"a}rke der Untersuchung noch aus. Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Ergebnisse, dass die auf Ebene automatischer Kognitionen bestehende und verhaltensleitende Assoziation des Gebrauchs von NEM mit Leistung durch die Akzentuierung gesundheitlicher Perspektiven experimentell ver{\"a}ndert werden kann. Abschließend wird die theoretische und praktische Bedeutung des erstellten Handlungswissen f{\"u}r k{\"u}nftige Interventionsempfehlungen zur Reduzierung des Gebrauchs von NEM diskutiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{WolffBaumgartenBrand2013,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Baumgarten, Franz and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Reduced self-control leads to disregard of an unfamiliar behavioral option},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401386},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Neuroenhancement (NE), the use of psychoactive substances in order to enhance a healthy individual's cognitive functioning from a proficient to an even higher level, is prevalent in student populations. According to the strength model of self-control, people fail to self-regulate and fall back on their dominant behavioral response when finite self-control resources are depleted. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that ego-depletion will prevent students who are unfamiliar with NE from trying it. Findings: 130 undergraduates, who denied having tried NE before (43\% female, mean age = 22.76 +/- 4.15 years old), were randomly assigned to either an ego-depletion or a control condition. The dependent variable was taking an "energy-stick" (a legal nutritional supplement, containing low doses of caffeine, taurine and vitamin B), offered as a potential means of enhancing performance on the bogus concentration task that followed. Logistic regression analysis showed that ego-depleted participants were three times less likely to take the substance, OR = 0.37, p = .01. Conclusion: This experiment found that trying NE for the first time was more likely if an individual's cognitive capacities were not depleted. This means that mental exhaustion is not predictive for NE in students for whom NE is not the dominant response. Trying NE for the first time is therefore more likely to occur as a thoughtful attempt at self-regulation than as an automatic behavioral response in stressful situations. We therefore recommend targeting interventions at this inter-individual difference. Students without previous reinforcing NE experience should be provided with information about the possible negative health outcomes of NE. Reconfiguring structural aspects in the academic environment (e.g. lessening workloads) might help to deter current users.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WolffBaumgartenBrand2013,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Baumgarten, Franz and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Reduced self-control leads to disregard of an unfamiliar behavioral option - an experimental approach to the study of neuroenhancement},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  number    = {23},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-41},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Neuroenhancement (NE), the use of psychoactive substances in order to enhance a healthy individual's cognitive functioning from a proficient to an even higher level, is prevalent in student populations. According to the strength model of self-control, people fail to self-regulate and fall back on their dominant behavioral response when finite self-control resources are depleted. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that ego-depletion will prevent students who are unfamiliar with NE from trying it. Findings: 130 undergraduates, who denied having tried NE before (43\% female, mean age = 22.76 +/- 4.15 years old), were randomly assigned to either an ego-depletion or a control condition. The dependent variable was taking an "energy-stick" (a legal nutritional supplement, containing low doses of caffeine, taurine and vitamin B), offered as a potential means of enhancing performance on the bogus concentration task that followed. Logistic regression analysis showed that ego-depleted participants were three times less likely to take the substance, OR = 0.37, p = .01. Conclusion: This experiment found that trying NE for the first time was more likely if an individual's cognitive capacities were not depleted. This means that mental exhaustion is not predictive for NE in students for whom NE is not the dominant response. Trying NE for the first time is therefore more likely to occur as a thoughtful attempt at self-regulation than as an automatic behavioral response in stressful situations. We therefore recommend targeting interventions at this inter-individual difference. Students without previous reinforcing NE experience should be provided with information about the possible negative health outcomes of NE. Reconfiguring structural aspects in the academic environment (e.g. lessening workloads) might help to deter current users.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WolffBaumgartenBrand2013,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Baumgarten, Franz and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Reduced self-control leads to disregard of an unfamiliar behavioral option: an experimental approach to the study of neuroenhancement},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-41},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EndrejatBaumgartenKauffeld2017,
  author    = {Endrejat, Paul C. and Baumgarten, Franz and Kauffeld, Simone},
  title     = {When theory meets practice},
  series = {Journal of Change Management},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Journal of Change Management},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1469-7017},
  doi       = {10.1080/14697017.2017.1299372},
  pages     = {101 -- 120},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Although more than seven decades have passed since Lewin laid the foundation for how employees' behaviour could be changed within organizations, his ideas are far from being obsolescent. Accordingly, this article demonstrates how Lewin's concepts can still be of use in tackling current issues (i.e. the need to raise energy-saving behaviours within organizations). In order to revive Lewin's concepts, we combine his approaches on organization change with Motivational Interviewing (MI), a facilitation approach that fits well with his democratic and participatory mind-set. After a theoretical consideration of how Lewin's ideas could be accompanied by MI principles, we outline a practical concept for raising the level of employees' energy-saving behaviours to a higher standard. The usefulness of our concept is highlighted on the basis of qualitative (a force field analysis) and quantitative (an increase of energy-saving norms and - behaviours) data. Lewin's legacy for current organization development, and the theoretical as well as practical implications for how his ideas could be applied through a combination with MI practices, are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}