@article{ButkovicGalesic2022, author = {Butkovic, Ana and Galesic, Mirta}, title = {Relationship between COVID-19 threat beliefs and individual differences in demographics, personality, and related beliefs}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831199}, pages = {8}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Individual differences in demographics, personality, and other related beliefs are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat beliefs. However, the relative contributions of these different types of individual differences to COVID-19 threat beliefs are not known. In this study, a total of 1,700 participants in Croatia (68\% female; age 18-86 years) completed a survey that included questions about COVID-19 risks, questions about related beliefs including vaccination beliefs, trust in the health system, trust in scientists, and trust in the political system, the HEXACO 60 personality inventory, as well as demographic questions about gender, age, chronic diseases, and region. We used hierarchical regression analyses to examine the proportion of variance explained by demographics, personality, and other related beliefs. All three types of individual differences explained a part of the variance of COVID-19 threat beliefs, with related beliefs explaining the largest part. Personality facets explained a slightly larger amount of variance than personality factors. These results have implications for communication about COVID-19.}, language = {en} } @techreport{CaliendoFossenKritikos2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank M. and Kritikos, Alexander}, title = {What Makes an Employer?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {13}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43736}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437360}, year = {2019}, abstract = {As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoFossenKritikosetal.2015, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank M. and Kritikos, Alexander and Wetter, Miriam}, title = {The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: Not just a Matter of Personality}, series = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t and Ifo Institute for Economic Research}, volume = {61}, journal = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t and Ifo Institute for Economic Research}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1610-241X}, doi = {10.1093/cesifo/ifu023}, pages = {202 -- 238}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Why do entrepreneurship rates differ so markedly by gender? Using data from a large representative German household panel, we investigate to what extent personality traits, human capital, and the employment history influence the start-up decision and can explain the gender gap in entrepreneurship. Applying a decomposition analysis, we observe that the higher risk aversion among women explains a large share of the entrepreneurial gender gap. We also find an education effect contributing to the gender difference. In contrast, the Big Five model and the current employment state have effects in the opposite direction, meaning that the gender gap in entrepreneurial entry would be even larger if women had the same scores and the same employment status as men. (JEL codes: L26, J16, D81, J24, M13).}, language = {en} } @article{DammhahnLangeEccard2022, author = {Dammhahn, Melanie and Lange, Pauline and Eccard, Jana}, title = {The landscape of fear has individual layers}, series = {Oikos}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Oikos}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0030-1299}, doi = {10.1111/oik.09124}, pages = {17}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Perceived predation risk varies in space and time creating a landscape of fear. This key feature of an animal's environment is classically studied as a species-specific property. However, individuals differ in how they solve the tradeoff between safety and reward and may, hence, differ consistently and predictively in perceived predation risk across landscapes. To test this hypothesis, we quantified among-individual differences in boldness and activity and exposed behaviourally phenotyped male bank voles Myodes glareolus individually to two different experimental landscapes of risks in large outdoor enclosures and provided resources as discrete food patches. We manipulated perceived predation risk via vegetation height between 2 and > 30 cm and quantified patch use indirectly via RFID-logging and giving-up densities. We statistically disentangled among-individual differences in microhabitat use from spatially varying perceived risk, i.e. landscape of fear. We found that individuals varied in mean vegetation height of their foraging microhabitats and that this microhabitat selection matched the intrinsic individual differences in perceived risk. As predicted by the patch use model, all individual's perceived higher risks when foraging in lower vegetation. However, individuals differed in their reaction norm slopes of perceived risk to vegetation height, and these differences in slopes were consistent across two different landscapes of risks and resources. We interpret these results as evidence for individual landscapes of fear, which could be predicted by among-individual differences in activity and boldness. Since perceived predation risk affects when and where to forage, among-individual differences in fear responses could act as a mode of intraspecific niche complementarity (i.e. individual niche specialization), help explain behavioural type by environment correlations, and will likely have cascading indirect effects on lower trophic levels.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Felber2011, author = {Felber, Juliane}, title = {Der Berufseinstieg von {\"A}rztInnen als normatives kritisches Lebensereignis : eine L{\"a}ngsschnittuntersuchung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-58028}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Im Rahmen einer prospektiven L{\"a}ngsschnittuntersuchung wurde der Berufseinstieg von {\"A}rztInnen (N = 185) als normatives kritisches Lebensereignis untersucht. Dazu wurden sie insgesamt drei Mal im Abstand von jeweils sechs Monaten im ersten Jahr nach ihrem Studiumsabschluss befragt (T1: in den ersten zwei Wochen nach dem Staatsexamen, T2: kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg, T3: im Schnitt 9.5 Monate nach dem Berufseinstieg). Die Ergebnisse zeigten zun{\"a}chst, dass unl{\"a}ngst examinierte Jung-{\"A}rztInnen, die sich vergleichsweise schlechter auf den Beruf durch das Studium vorbereitet f{\"u}hlten, ihren bevorstehenden Berufseinstieg negativer bewerteten und schon vor diesem beanspruchter waren. Die Bewertung des Berufseinstiegs vermittelte dabei den Zusammenhang zwischen einer schlechten Vorbereitung und der Beanspruchung. Arbeitsspezifische Copingfunktionalit{\"a}t wiederum pufferte den Zusammenhang zwischen einer schlechten Vorbereitung und der Bewertung des Berufseinstiegs. Das Problem einer als schlecht empfundenen Vorbereitung verdeutlichte sich in der L{\"a}ngsschnittanalyse - sie sagte eine h{\"o}here Beanspruchung zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt, d.h. nach dem Berufseinstieg, vorher. In der Untersuchung der Beanspruchungsentwicklung {\"u}ber die drei Messzeitpunkte hinweg fanden sich nur wenige Ver{\"a}nderungen. Es ließ sich zwar eine deutliche Zunahme der mittleren Depressivit{\"a}ts-Auspr{\"a}gungen {\"u}ber den Berufseinstieg hinweg herausstellen (T1-T2); auf anderen Beanspruchungsindikatoren zeigte sich jedoch kein direkter Effekt des Arbeitsbeginns bzw. fand sich auch keine Adaptation der Jung-{\"A}rztInnen an ihre neue Situation im Sinne einer sich verringernden Beanspruchung im weiteren Verlauf (T2-T3). In der Erkl{\"a}rung interindividueller Unterschiede in der Beanspruchung im Untersuchungszeitraum zeigte sich, dass die sich mit dem Berufseinstieg einstellende Arbeitsbelastung zum zweiten und dritten Messzeitpunkt erwartungsgem{\"a}ß positiv mit Beanspruchung assoziiert war. Die Arbeitsbelastungs-Beanspruchungs-Beziehung bestand jedoch nur im Querschnitt; in der L{\"a}ngsschnittanalyse fand sich kein Effekt der T2-Arbeitsbelastung auf die T3-Beanspruchung. Ausgangsunterschiede in psychischen Ressourcen wirkten einerseits direkt auf die Beanspruchung zu T2, zum Teil moderierten sie aber auch den Zusammenhang zwischen der Arbeitsbelastung und Beanspruchung: Eine h{\"o}here Resilienz und die Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung sagten eine geringere Beanspruchung nach dem Berufseinstieg vorher. Jung-{\"A}rztInnen, die sich durch eine st{\"a}rkere Arbeitsbelastung auszeichneten, aber {\"u}ber ein funktionaleres Bew{\"a}ltigungsverhalten im Arbeitskontext verf{\"u}gten, waren kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg weniger beansprucht als stark arbeitsbelastete Jung-{\"A}rztInnen mit weniger funktionalem Coping. Verringerungen in den psychischen Ressourcen {\"u}ber den Berufseinstieg hinweg wirkten sich direkt, d.h. per se ung{\"u}nstig auf die Beanspruchung zum dritten Messzeitpunkt aus. Zudem interagierten sie mit der zu diesem Zeitpunkt bestehenden Arbeitsbelastung in Vorhersage der Beanspruchung. St{\"a}rker arbeitsbelastete Jung-{\"A}rztInnen, deren Copingfunktionalit{\"a}t und Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung vom ersten zum dritten Messzeitpunkt abgenommen hatte, waren am Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums am st{\"a}rksten beansprucht. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen des Berufseinstiegs auf die Pers{\"o}nlichkeit der Jung-{\"A}rztInnen fanden sich ung{\"u}nstige Ver{\"a}nderungen: Sowohl die Auspr{\"a}gungen psychischer Ressourcen (Widerstandsf{\"a}higkeit, Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung hinsichtlich der Arbeitst{\"a}tigkeit) als auch die der Big Five-Faktoren nahmen im Mittel ab. Interindividuelle Unterschiede in den Ver{\"a}nderungen ließen sich auf die Beanspruchung kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg (T2) bzw. auf deren Entwicklung in den Folgemonaten (T2-T3) zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren: Jene Jung-{\"A}rztInnen, die vergleichsweise stark beansprucht auf den Berufseinstieg reagiert hatten bzw. deren Beanspruchung im weiteren Verlauf zunahm, zeigten entsprechend ung{\"u}nstige Ver{\"a}nderungen. Die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst verdeutlicht sich folgende Problematik: Jung-{\"A}rztInnen, die weniger gut, d.h. pers{\"o}nlichkeitsbasiert gesch{\"u}tzt den Berufseinstieg absolvieren, reagieren st{\"a}rker beansprucht und sind dann auch diejenigen, deren Pers{\"o}nlichkeit sich in den ersten Arbeitsmonaten ung{\"u}nstig ver{\"a}ndert. Jung-{\"A}rztInnen mit geringen psychischen Ressourcen sind folglich nicht nur besonders vulnerabel f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Beanspruchung angesichts belastender Arbeitsbedingungen, sondern ihre vergleichsweise hohe Beanspruchung bedingt eine weitere Verringerung des Schutz- und Pufferpotenzials ihrer Pers{\"o}nlichkeit. Es kommt zu einer ung{\"u}nstigen Akzentuierung der ohnehin schon vergleichsweise ressourcenschwachen Pers{\"o}nlichkeit, welche die Vulnerabilit{\"a}t f{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige Beanspruchung erh{\"o}ht. Aus den Ergebnissen l{\"a}sst sich ein Unterst{\"u}tzungsbedarf junger {\"A}rztInnen in der sensiblen und wegweisenden Berufseinstiegsphase ableiten. Neben einer Verbesserung ihrer Arbeitsbedingungen stellen eine rechtzeitige Sensibilisierung junger {\"A}rztInnen f{\"u}r den Arbeitsbelastungs-Beanspruchungs-Zusammenhang, ihre regelm{\"a}ßige Supervision sowie vor allem aber auch kompetenzorientiertes und ressourcenst{\"a}rkendes Feedback von den Mentoren und Vorgesetzten die Grundlage daf{\"u}r dar, dass die Jung-MedizinerInnen selbst gesund bleiben und sie die {\"a}rztliche T{\"a}tigkeit trotz ihres wohl stets hohen Belastungspotenzials als erf{\"u}llend und zufriedenstellend erleben.}, language = {de} } @article{FitziMele2017, author = {Fitzi, Gregor and Mele, Vincenzo}, title = {The corrosion of character}, series = {Journal of Classical Sociology}, volume = {17}, journal = {Journal of Classical Sociology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {1468-795X}, doi = {10.1177/1468795X17693436}, pages = {143 -- 155}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The topic of this imaginary dialogue between Georg Simmel and Max Weber is the relation between work - in the sense of labour - and personality. Its aim is to show that the thinking of these 'founding fathers' of sociology can furnish valuable insight into the current issue of the corrosion of character in contemporary post-Fordist society. The concept of work still represents one of the major factors determining modern individuals' ability (or inability) to formulate personal, stable identities that enable them to become fully socialized. Both Simmel and Weber make reference to a common theoretical background that views the human being as a creature with originally rational potential, who is faced with the task of becoming a personality by means of consciously chosen life behaviour: This is evident in the parallelism between Simmel's interest in the concept of 'style of life' (Der Stil des Lebens) and Weber's research on the 'life conduct' (Lebensf{\"u}hrung) that arose in Western rationalistic culture.}, language = {en} } @article{HeVandeVijverFetvadjievetal.2017, author = {He, Jia and Van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Fetvadjiev, Velichko H. and Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra de Carmen and Adams, Byron and Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar and Aydinli-Karakulak, Arzu and Buzea, Carmen and Dimitrova, Radosveta and Fortin, Alvaro and Hapunda, Given and Ma, Sang and Sargautyte, Ruta and Sim, Samantha and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Suryani, Angela and Zeinoun, Pia and Zhang, Rui}, title = {On Enhancing the Cross-Cultural Comparability of Likert-Scale Personality and Value Measures: A Comparison of Common Procedures}, series = {European journal of personality}, volume = {31}, journal = {European journal of personality}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0890-2070}, doi = {10.1002/per.2132}, pages = {642 -- 657}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This study aims to evaluate a number of procedures that have been proposed to enhance cross-cultural comparability of personality and value data. A priori procedures (anchoring vignettes and direct measures of response styles (i.e. acquiescence, extremity, midpoint responding, and social desirability), a posteriori procedures focusing on data transformations prior to analysis (ipsatization and item parcelling), and two data modelling procedures (treating data as continuous vs as ordered categories) were compared using data collected from university students in 16 countries. We found that (i) anchoring vignettes showed lack of invariance, so they were not bias-free; (ii) anchoring vignettes showed higher internal consistencies than raw scores where all other correction procedures, notably ipsatization, showed lower internal consistencies; (iii) in measurement invariance testing, no procedure yielded scalar invariance; anchoring vignettes and item parcelling slightly improved comparability, response style correction did not affect it, and ipsatization resulted in lower comparability; (iv) treating Likert-scale data as categorical resulted in higher levels of comparability; (v) factor scores of scales extracted from different procedures showed similar correlational patterning; and (vi) response style correction was the only procedure that suggested improvement in external validity of country-level conscientiousness. We conclude that, although no procedure resolves all comparability issues, anchoring vignettes, parcelling, and treating data as ordered categories seem promising to alleviate incomparability. We advise caution in uncritically applying any of these procedures. Copyright (c) 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology}, language = {en} } @article{HoltzmanTackmanCareyetal.2019, author = {Holtzman, Nicholas S. and Tackman, Allison M. and Carey, Angela L. and Brucks, Melanie S. and Kuefner, Albrecht C. P. and Deters, Fenne Grosse and Back, Mitja D. and Donnellan, M. Brent and Pennebaker, James W. and Sherman, Ryne A. and Mehl, Matthias R.}, title = {Linguistic Markers of Grandiose Narcissism: A LIWC Analysis of 15 Samples}, series = {Journal of Language and Social Psychology}, volume = {38}, journal = {Journal of Language and Social Psychology}, number = {5-6}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {Thousand Oaks}, issn = {0261-927X}, doi = {10.1177/0261927X19871084}, pages = {773 -- 786}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Narcissism is unrelated to using first-person singular pronouns. Whether narcissism is linked to other language use remains unclear. We aimed to identify linguistic markers of narcissism. We applied the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to texts (k = 15; N = 4,941). The strongest positive correlates were using words related to sports, second-person pronouns, and swear words. The strongest negative correlates were using anxiety/fear words, tentative words, and words related to sensory/perceptual processes. Effects were small (each |r| < .10).}, language = {en} } @misc{Krahe1990, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Situation cognition and coherence in personality : an individual-centered approach}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33554}, year = {1990}, abstract = {This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krah{\´e} reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.}, language = {en} } @article{MillesDammhahnJeltschetal.2022, author = {Milles, Alexander Benedikt and Dammhahn, Melanie and Jeltsch, Florian and Schl{\"a}gel, Ulrike and Grimm, Volker}, title = {Fluctuations in density-dependent selection drive the evolution of a pace-of-life syndrome within and between populations}, series = {The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences}, volume = {199}, journal = {The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences}, number = {4}, publisher = {Univ. of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago}, issn = {0003-0147}, doi = {10.1086/718473}, pages = {E124 -- E139}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits that suites of traits are correlated along a slow-fast continuum owing to life history trade-offs. Despite widespread adoption, environmental conditions driving the emergence of POLS remain unclear. A recently proposed conceptual framework of POLS suggests that a slow-fast continuum should align to fluctuations in density-dependent selection. We tested three key predictions made by this framework with an ecoevolutionary agent-based population model. Selection acted on responsiveness (behavioral trait) to interpatch resource differences and the reproductive investment threshold (life history trait). Across environments with density fluctuations of different magnitudes, we observed the emergence of a common axis of trait covariation between and within populations (i.e., the evolution of a POLS). Slow-type (fast-type) populations with high (low) responsiveness and low (high) reproductive investment threshold were selected at high (low) population densities and less (more) intense and frequent density fluctuations. In support of the predictions, fast-type populations contained a higher degree of variation in traits and were associated with higher intrinsic reproductive rate (r(0)) and higher sensitivity to intraspecific competition (gamma), pointing to a universal trade-off. While our findings support that POLS aligns with density-dependent selection, we discuss possible mechanisms that may lead to alternative evolutionary pathways.}, language = {en} }