@unpublished{HippLeumannSchober2024, author = {Hipp, Lena and Leumann, Sandra and Schober, Pia S.}, title = {Partnership penalties for working in gender-atypical occupations?}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/ydurp}, pages = {35}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Does working in a gender-atypical occupation reduce individuals' likelihood of finding a different-sex romantic partner, and do such occupational partnership penalties contribute to occupational gender segregation? To answer this question, we theorized partnership penalties for working in gender-atypical occupations by drawing on insights from evolutionary psychology, social constructivism, and rational choice theory and exploited the stability of occupational pathways in Germany. In Study 1, we analyzed observational data from a national probability sample (N= 1,634,944) to assess whether individuals in gender-atypical occupations were less likely to be partnered than individuals who worked in gender typical occupations. To assess whether the observed partnership gaps found in Study 1 were causally related to the gender typicality of men's and women's occupations, we conducted a field experiment on a dating app (N = 6,778). Because the findings from Study 2 suggested that young women and men indeed experienced penalties for working in a gender-atypical occupation (at least when they were not highly attractive), we employed a choice-experimental design in Study 3 (N = 1,250) to assess whether women and men were aware of occupational partnership penalties and showed that anticipating occupational partnership penalties may keep young and highly educated women from working in gender-atypical occupations. Our main conclusion therefore is that that observed penalties and their anticipation seem to be driven by unconscious rather than conscious processes.}, language = {en} } @article{SchlomannBuenningHippetal.2021, author = {Schlomann, Anna and B{\"u}nning, Mareike and Hipp, Lena and Wahl, Hans-Werner}, title = {Aging during COVID-19 in Germany}, series = {European journal of ageing : social, behavioural and health perspectives}, volume = {19}, journal = {European journal of ageing : social, behavioural and health perspectives}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1613-9372}, doi = {10.1007/s10433-021-00655-1}, pages = {1077 -- 1086}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Existing theories of aging suggest that there may be similarities and differences in how COVID-19 impacts older people's psychosocial adaptation compared to younger age groups, particularly middle-aged individuals. To assess the degree to which these impacts vary, we analyzed data from 3098 participants between the ages of 40 and 79 from an online survey in Germany. Data were collected at three measurement occasions between the start of the nationwide lockdown in mid-March 2020 and the end of the lockdown in early August 2020. The survey focused on everyday experiences during the COVID-19 crisis and collected various satisfaction ratings (e.g., general life satisfaction, satisfaction with family life, satisfaction with social contacts). At baseline, participants also provided retrospective ratings of satisfaction for the period before the COVID-19 crisis. In our analyses, we compared satisfaction ratings of middle-aged (40-64 years) and older individuals (65-79 years) and found that both middle-aged and older participants experienced the greatest decreases in satisfaction with social contacts, with more pronounced decreases seen in middle-aged participants. A similar pattern was observed for general life satisfaction, but the overall decreases were less pronounced in both groups compared to the decreases in satisfaction with social contacts. We also observed a partial recovery effect in all measures at the last measurement occasion, and this effect was more pronounced in older adults. Findings were also confirmed using age as a continuous variable and checking for linear and nonlinear effects of outcomes across the age range. Although ageism arose during the pandemic in the sense that older adults were labeled as a "risk group," particularly at the start of the outbreak, we found consistently with other studies that middle-aged adults' satisfaction decreased to a greater extent than that of older adults.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HippSchlueterMolina2022, author = {Hipp, Lena and Schl{\"u}ter, Charlotte and Molina, Stefania}, title = {The role of employers in reducing the implementation gap in leave policies}, series = {Research handbook on leave policy}, booktitle = {Research handbook on leave policy}, editor = {Dobrotić, Ivana and Blum, Sonja and Koslowski, Alison}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham, UK}, isbn = {978-1-80037-221-4}, doi = {10.4337/9781800372214.00036}, pages = {338 -- 352}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Although mothers and fathers in almost all rich democracies are entitled to some form of paid parenting leave, fathers in particular do not take all the leave available to them. As employers play an important role in the implementation of parenting leave policies, this chapter investigates which workplace characteristics influence mothers' and fathers' uptake of their statutory leave entitlements. In Part 1, we estimate the size of the gap between statutory leave entitlement and leave uptake across genders and countries by combining data from the OECD and the European Labor Force Survey. In Parts 2 and 3, we review the literature on structural, cultural, and normative explanations for the gap in parenting leave uptake. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for further research, including the need for reliable data on the size of the implementation gap and research on non-European countries.}, language = {en} } @article{LiBuenningKaiseretal.2022, author = {Li, Jianghong and B{\"u}nning, Mareike and Kaiser, Till and Hipp, Lena}, title = {Who suffered most?}, series = {Journal of family research}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of family research}, number = {1}, publisher = {University of Bamberg Press}, address = {Bamberg}, issn = {2699-2337}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-704}, pages = {281 -- 309}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Objective: This study examines gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parental psychological wellbeing (parenting stress and psychological distress) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Background: The dramatic shift of childcare and schooling responsibility from formal institutions to private households during the pandemic has put families under enormous stress and raised concerns about caregivers' health and wellbeing. Despite the overwhelming media attention to families' wellbeing, to date limited research has examined parenting stress and parental psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Germany. Method: We analyzed four waves of panel data (N= 1,771) from an opt-in online survey, which was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable OLS regressions were used to estimate variations in the pandemic's effects on parenting stress and psychological distress by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: Overall, levels of parenting stress and psychological distress increased during the pandemic. During the first and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers, parents with children younger than 11 years, parents with two or more children, parents working from home as well as parents with financial insecurity experienced higher parenting stress than other sociodemographic groups. Moreover, women, respondents with lower incomes, single parents, and parents with younger children experienced higher levels of psychological distress than other groups. Conclusion: Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parents' psychological wellbeing increased among the study participants during the pandemic.}, language = {en} } @article{BuenningHipp2021, author = {B{\"u}nning, Mareike and Hipp, Lena}, title = {Geschlechterungleichheiten im Arbeitsleben und subjektiven Wohlbefinden von Erwerbst{\"a}tigen w{\"a}hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie}, series = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, volume = {70}, journal = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, number = {5-6}, publisher = {Duncker \& Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0038-609X}, doi = {10.3790/sfo.70.5-6.293}, pages = {293 -- 315}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Wie hat sich die COVID-19 Pandemie auf geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten im Arbeitsleben und dem subjektiven Wohlbefinden Erwerbst{\"a}tiger ausgewirkt? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage analysiert dieser Beitrag drei Wellen einer nicht zufallsbasierten Onlinestichprobe f{\"u}r den Zeitraum Mitte M{\"a}rz bis Anfang August 2020 und umfassen damit den Zeitraum des ersten Lockdowns. Die Ergebnisse unserer multivariaten Analysen zeigen: Frauen, Eltern und insbesondere M{\"u}tter waren {\"u}berdurchschnittlich von Arbeitszeitreduzierungen betroffen. Bei der Wahrscheinlichkeit im Homeoffice zu arbeiten gab es nur geringf{\"u}gige Unterschiede nach Geschlecht und Familiensituation. Die Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit, dem Familienleben und dem Leben insgesamt ging bei Frauen, Eltern und insbesondere M{\"u}ttern {\"u}berproportional stark zur{\"u}ck. Die beobachteten Unterschiede verringern sich gegen Ende des Lockdowns wieder, jedoch unterschiedlich stark f{\"u}r die einzelnen Ergebnisdimensionen.}, language = {de} } @article{Hipp2020, author = {Hipp, Lena}, title = {Feeling secure vs. being secure?}, series = {Contemporary social science}, volume = {15}, journal = {Contemporary social science}, number = {4}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {2158-2041}, doi = {10.1080/21582041.2019.1656816}, pages = {416 -- 429}, year = {2020}, abstract = {How can labour market institutions make workers confident about their economic future? While quantitative studies have repeatedly shown that countries' labour market regulations and policies are related to variations in workers' perceived job security, these studies did not explain how these institutions affect workers' perceptions and expectations. This study seeks to close this gap by analysing qualitative interview data collected on employees in Germany and the U.S. during the great financial crisis (2009-2010). The study's main finding is that policies vary in their effectiveness at making workers feel secure about their jobs. While unemployment assistance can reduce workers' worries about job loss, dismissal protection does not seem to effectively increase workers' confidence that their jobs are secure. Overall, employees know relatively little about the policies and regulations that are meant to protect them and have limited trust in their effectiveness. Individual and organisational characteristics seem to be more relevant for employees' feelings of job security than national-level policies. In particular, comparisons with others who have lower levels of protection increase workers' perceived security. These insights are particularly important in light of the ongoing changes in the world of work that are making workers' lives more uncertain and insecure.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HippSauermannStuth2023, author = {Hipp, Lena and Sauermann, Armin and Stuth, Stefan}, title = {F{\"u}hrung in Teilzeit?}, series = {Teilzeitf{\"u}hrung}, booktitle = {Teilzeitf{\"u}hrung}, editor = {Karlshaus, Anja and Kaehler, Boris}, edition = {2., vollst{\"a}ndig {\"u}berarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-40125-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-40126-9_4}, pages = {79 -- 94}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Teilzeitarbeit in F{\"u}hrungsetagen ist eine Ausnahme, obwohl das Thema Arbeitszeitreduzierung durch ver{\"a}nderte Familienarrangements und zunehmende berufliche Belastung wichtiger geworden ist. Daran hat weder der seit mehr als 20 Jahren bestehende Rechtsanspruch auf einen Teilzeitarbeitsplatz noch das im Jahr 2019 eingef{\"u}hrte R{\"u}ckkehrrecht auf einen Vollzeitarbeitsplatz nach zeitlich begrenzten Arbeitszeitreduktionen etwas ge{\"a}ndert. Dieser Beitrag nutzt Daten der Europ{\"a}ischen Arbeitskr{\"a}fteerhebung, um Teilzeitarbeit von F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften in Deutschland sowohl im zeitlichen als auch im internationalen Vergleich einzuordnen und damit ein empirisches Fundament f{\"u}r die gesellschaftliche Diskussion um Teilzeitf{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte zu legen. Die Auswertungen zeigen: In Deutschland arbeiteten im Jahr 2019 laut eigener Aussage rund 14 \% der F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte in Teilzeit. Im europ{\"a}ischen Vergleich geh{\"o}rt Deutschland damit zu den L{\"a}ndern mit dem h{\"o}chsten Anteil an teilzeitarbeitenden F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften. Die Auswertungen zeigen auch, dass in Deutschland der Anteil der weiblichen F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte in Teilzeit mit rund 32 \% deutlich {\"u}ber dem der m{\"a}nnlichen F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte liegt (rund 3 \%) und es große Unterschiede nach Altersgruppen gibt. Als Motiv f{\"u}r eine Arbeitszeitreduktion geben F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, insbesondere Frauen, zumeist Pflege- und Betreuungsverpflichtungen an.}, language = {de} } @article{BiegertBradyHipp2022, author = {Biegert, Thomas and Brady, David and Hipp, Lena}, title = {Cross-national variation in the relationship between welfare generosity and single mother employment}, series = {The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, volume = {702}, journal = {The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, number = {1}, publisher = {SAGE Publishing}, address = {Thousand Oaks}, issn = {0002-7162}, doi = {10.1177/00027162221120760}, pages = {37 -- 54}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Reform of the U.S. welfare system in 1996 spurred claims that cuts to welfare programs effectively incentivized single mothers to find employment. It is difficult to assess the veracity of those claims, however, absent evidence of how the relationship between welfare benefits and single mother employment generalizes across countries. This study combines data from the European Union Labour Force Survey and the U.S. Current Population Survey (1992-2015) into one of the largest samples of single mothers ever, testing the relationships between welfare generosity and single mothers' employment and work hours. We find no consistent evidence of a negative relationship between welfare generosity and single mother employment outcomes. Rather, we find tremendous cross-national heterogeneity, which does not clearly correspond to well-known institutional variations. Our findings demonstrate the limitations of single country studies and the pervasive, salient interactions between institutional contexts and social policies.}, language = {en} } @article{HippKohlerLeumann2019, author = {Hipp, Lena and Kohler, Ulrich and Leumann, Sandra}, title = {How to implement respondent-driven sampling in practice}, series = {Survey methods : insights from the field}, journal = {Survey methods : insights from the field}, publisher = {Swiss Found. for Research in Social Sciences}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2296-4754}, doi = {10.13094/SMIF-2019-00009}, pages = {1 -- 13}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This article draws on the experience from an ongoing research project employing respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to survey (illicit) 24-hour home care workers. We highlight issues around the preparatory work and the fielding of the survey to provide researchers with useful insights on how to implement RDS when surveying populations for which the method has not yet been used. We conclude the article with ethical considerations that occur when employing RDS.}, language = {en} } @article{Hipp2020, author = {Hipp, Lena}, title = {Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children?}, series = {European sociological review}, volume = {36}, journal = {European sociological review}, number = {2}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0266-7215}, doi = {10.1093/esr/jcz056}, pages = {250 -- 264}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women's wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the United States, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labour market discrimination.}, language = {en} }