@techreport{SchroederGoeblerGrabkaetal.2020, author = {Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and G{\"o}bler, Konstantin and Grabka, Markus M. and Kolb, Chris and Shupe, Cortnie and Caliendo, Marco and T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan and Priem, Maximilian}, title = {Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns auf Haushaltseinkommen, Konsum- und Sparverhalten}, publisher = {Deutsche Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {1 -- 85}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @article{CaliendoTatsiramosUhlendorff2013, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Tatsiramos, Konstantinos and Uhlendorff, Arne}, title = {Benefit duration, unemployment duration and job match quality aregression-discontinuity approach}, series = {Journal of applied econometrics}, volume = {28}, journal = {Journal of applied econometrics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0883-7252}, doi = {10.1002/jae.2293}, pages = {604 -- 627}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We use a sharp discontinuity in the maximum duration of benefit entitlement to identify the effect of extended benefit duration on unemployment duration and post-unemployment outcomes (employment stability and re-employment wages). We address dynamic selection, which may arise even under an initially random assignment to treatment, estimating a bivariate discrete-time hazard model jointly with a wage equation and correlated unobservables. Owing to the non-stationarity of job search behavior, we find heterogeneous effects of extended benefit duration on the re-employment hazard and on job match quality. Our results suggest that the unemployed who find a job close to and after benefit exhaustion experience less stable employment patterns and receive lower re-employment wages compared to their counterparts who receive extended benefits and exit unemployment in the same period. These results are found to be significant for men but not for women.}, language = {en} } @techreport{CaliendoKuennWeissenberger2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Weißenberger, Martin}, title = {Catching up or Lagging Behind?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {12}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43701}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012}, year = {2019}, abstract = {From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoKuennWeissenberger2020, author = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Weissenberger, Martin}, title = {Catching up or lagging behind?}, series = {Research policy : policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation}, volume = {49}, journal = {Research policy : policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation}, number = {10}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0048-7333}, doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2020.104053}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from non-unemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoTuebbicke2021, author = {Caliendo, Marco and T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan}, title = {Der Gr{\"u}ndungszuschuss f{\"u}r Arbeitslose nach der Reform 2011}, series = {IAB-Kurzbericht : aktuelle Analysen aus dem Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung}, volume = {28}, journal = {IAB-Kurzbericht : aktuelle Analysen aus dem Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung}, publisher = {IAB}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, issn = {0942-167X}, pages = {8}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Mit der Reform des Gr{\"u}ndungszuschusses im Jahr 2011 wurden die Rahmenbedingungen der Gr{\"u}ndungsf{\"o}rderung f{\"u}r Arbeitslose im Sozialgesetzbuch III umfassend reformiert und die F{\"o}rderzahlen reduzierten sich drastisch. Insgesamt ist das Arbeitsmarktinstrument weiterhin ein Erfolg: Die meisten Gef{\"o}rderten sind auch knapp 3,5 Jahre nach der Gr{\"u}ndung noch selbstst{\"a}ndig und etwa ein Drittel von ihnen hat mindestens einen Besch{\"a}ftigen. Von denjenigen, die ihre Selbstst{\"a}ndigkeit inzwischen beendet haben, sind die meisten sozialversicherungspflichtig besch{\"a}ftigt. Damit haben Gef{\"o}rderte eine deutlich h{\"o}here Besch{\"a}ftigungsquote als vergleichbare Personen ohne diese F{\"o}rderung. Auch ihre monatlichen Nettoverdienste sowie ihre Jobzufriedenheit sind h{\"o}her. Verbesserungspotenzial gibt es allerdings bei der sozialen Absicherung: Gef{\"o}rderte zahlen seltener in eine Rentenversicherung oder in die Arbeitslosenversicherung ein und sind mit ihrer sozialen Absicherung unzufriedener als vergleichbare Personen.}, language = {de} } @techreport{CaliendoTuebbicke2021, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Caliendo, Marco and T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan}, title = {Design and Effectiveness of Start-Up Subsidies}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {30}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-50005}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-500056}, pages = {20}, year = {2021}, abstract = {While a growing body of literature finds positive impacts of Start-Up Subsidies (SUS) on labor market outcomes of participants, little is known about how the design of these programs shapes their effectiveness and hence how to improve policy. As experimental variation in program design is unavailable, we exploit the 2011 reform of the current German SUS program for the unemployed which strengthened case-workers' discretionary power, increased entry requirements and reduced monetary support. We estimate the impact of the reform on the program's effectiveness using samples of participants and non-participants from before and after the reform. To control for time-constant unobserved heterogeneity as well as differential selection patterns based on observable characteristics over time, we combine Difference-in-Differences with inverse probability weighting using covariate balancing propensity scores. Holding participants' observed characteristics as well as macroeconomic conditions constant, the results suggest that the reform was successful in raising employment effects on average. As these findings may be contaminated by changes in selection patterns based on unobserved characteristics, we assess our results using simulation-based sensitivity analyses and find that our estimates are highly robust to changes in unobserved characteristics. Hence, the reform most likely had a positive impact on the effectiveness of the program, suggesting that increasing entry requirements and reducing support in-creased the program's impacts while reducing the cost per participant.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoTuebbicke2021, author = {Caliendo, Marco and T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan}, title = {Design and effectiveness of start-up subsidies}, series = {Economic analysis and policy}, volume = {70}, journal = {Economic analysis and policy}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0313-5926}, doi = {10.1016/j.eap.2021.02.015}, pages = {333 -- 340}, year = {2021}, abstract = {While a growing body of literature finds positive impacts of Start-Up Subsidies (SUS) on labor market outcomes of participants, little is known about how the design of these programs shapes their effectiveness and hence how to improve policy. As experimental variation in program design is unavailable, we exploit the 2011 reform of the current German SUS program for the unemployed which strengthened caseworkers' discretionary power, increased entry requirements and reduced monetary support. We estimate the impact of the reform on the program's effectiveness using samples of participants and non-participants from before and after the reform. To control for time-constant unobserved heterogeneity as well as differential selection patterns based on observable characteristics over time, we combine Difference-in-Differences with inverse probability weighting using covariate balancing propensity scores. Holding participants' observed characteristics as well as macroeconomic conditions constant, the results suggest that the reform was successful in raising employment effects on average. As these findings may be contaminated by changes in selection patterns based on unobserved characteristics, we assess our results using simulation-based sensitivity analyses and find that our estimates are highly robust to changes in unobserved characteristics. Hence, the reform most likely had a positive impact on the effectiveness of the program, suggesting that increasing entry requirements and reducing support increased the program's impacts while reducing the cost per participant. (C) 2021 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoWittbrodt2022, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Wittbrodt, Linda}, title = {Did the minimum wage reduce the gender wage gap in Germany?}, series = {Labour economics}, volume = {78}, journal = {Labour economics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {09275371}, doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102228}, pages = {11}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In many countries, women are over-represented among low-wage employees, which is why a wage floor could benefit them particularly. Following this notion, we analyse the impact of the German minimum wage introduction in 2015 on the gender wage gap. Germany poses an interesting case study in this context, since it has a rather high gender wage gap and set the minimum wage at a relatively high level, affecting more than four million employees. Based on individual data from the Structure of Earnings Survey, containing information for over one million employees working in 60,000 firms, we use a difference-in-difference framework that exploits regional differences in the bite of the minimum wage. We find a significant negative effect of the minimum wage on the regional gender wage gap. Between 2014 and 2018, the gap at the 10th percentile of the wage distribution was reduced by 4.6 percentage points (or 32\%) in regions that were strongly affected by the minimum wage compared to less affected regions. For the gap at the 25th percentile, the effect still amounted to 18\%, while for the mean it was smaller (11\%) and not particularly robust. We thus find that the minimum wage can indeed reduce gender wage disparities. While the effect is highest for the low-paid, it also reaches up into higher parts of the wage distribution.}, language = {en} } @techreport{CaliendoWittbrodt2021, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Wittbrodt, Linda}, title = {Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {40}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-53046}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-530464}, pages = {26}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In many countries, women are over-represented among low-wage employees, which is why a wage floor could benefit them particularly. Following this notion, we analyse the impact of the German minimum wage introduction in 2015 on the gender wage gap. Germany poses an interesting case study in this context, since it has a rather high gender wage gap and set the minimum wage at a relatively high level, affecting more than four million employees. Based on individual data from the Structure of Earnings Survey, containing information for over one million employees working in 60,000 firms, we use a difference-in- difference framework that exploits regional differences in the bite of the minimum wage. We find a significant negative effect of the minimum wage on the regional gender wage gap. Between 2014 and 2018, the gap at the 10th percentile of the wage distribution was reduced by 4.6 percentage points (or 32\%) in regions that were strongly affected by the minimum wage compared to less affected regions. For the gap at the 25th percentile, the effect still amounted to -18\%, while for the mean it was smaller (-11\%) and not particularly robust. We thus find that the minimum wage can indeed reduce gender wage disparities. While the effect is highest for the low-paid, it also reaches up into higher parts of the wage distribution.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoRodriguez2023, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Rodr{\´i}guez, Daniel}, title = {Divergent thinking and post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes}, series = {Small business economics}, volume = {57}, journal = {Small business economics}, publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0921-898X}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-023-00828-5}, pages = {31}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Divergent thinking is the ability to produce numerous and diverse responses to questions or tasks, and it is used as a predictor of creative achievement. It plays a significant role in the business organization's innovation process and the recognition of new business opportunities. Drawing upon the cumulative process model of creativity in entrepreneurship, we hypothesize that divergent thinking has a lasting effect on post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes related to innovation and growth, but that this relation might not always be linear. Additionally, we hypothesize that domain-specific experience has a moderating role in this relation. We test our hypotheses based on a representative longitudinal sample of 457 German business founders, which we observe up until 40 months after start-up. We find strong relative effects for innovation and growth outcomes. For survival, we find conclusive evidence for non-linearities in the effects of divergent thinking. Additionally, we show that such effects are moderated by the type of domain-specific experience that entrepreneurs gathered pre-launch, as it shapes the individual's ideational abilities to fit into more sophisticated strategies regarding entrepreneurial creative achievement. Our findings have relevant policy implications in characterizing and identifying business start-ups with growth and innovation potential, allowing a more efficient allocation of public and private funds.}, language = {en} }