@misc{GranacherMuehlbauerGoestemeyeretal.2021,
  author    = {Granacher, Urs and Muehlbauer, Thomas and G{\"o}stemeyer, Gerd and Gruber, Stefanie and Gruber, Markus},
  title     = {The performance of balance exercises during daily tooth brushing is not sufficient to improve balance and muscle strength in healthy older adults},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52937},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-529379},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background High prevalence rates have been reported for physical inactivity, mobility limitations, and falls in older adults. Home-based exercise might be an adequate means to increase physical activity by improving health- (i.e., muscle strength) and skill-related components of physical fitness (i.e., balance), particularly in times of restricted physical activity due to pandemics. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effects of home-based balance exercises conducted during daily tooth brushing on measures of balance and muscle strength in healthy older adults. Methods Fifty-one older adults were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n = 27; age: 65.1 ± 1.1 years) or a passive control group (n = 24; age: 66.2 ± 3.3 years). The intervention group conducted balance exercises over a period of eight weeks twice daily for three minutes each during their daily tooth brushing routine. Pre- and post-intervention, tests were included for the assessment of static steady-state balance (i.e., Romberg test), dynamic steady-state balance (i.e., 10-m single and dual-task walk test using a cognitive and motor interference task), proactive balance (i.e., Timed-Up-and-Go Test [TUG], Functional-Reach-Test [FRT]), and muscle strength (i.e., Chair-Rise-Test [CRT]). Results Irrespective of group, the statistical analysis revealed significant main effects for time (pre vs. post) for dual-task gait speed (p < .001, 1.12 ≤ d ≤ 2.65), TUG (p < .001, d = 1.17), FRT (p = .002, d = 0.92), and CRT (p = .002, d = 0.94) but not for single-task gait speed and for the Romberg-Test. No significant group × time interactions were found for any of the investigated variables. Conclusions The applied lifestyle balance training program conducted twice daily during tooth brushing routines appears not to be sufficient in terms of exercise dosage and difficulty level to enhance balance and muscle strength in healthy adults aged 60-72 years. Consequently, structured balance training programs using higher exercise dosages and/or more difficult balance tasks are recommended for older adults to improve balance and muscle strength.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GranacherMuehlbauerGoestemeyeretal.2021,
  author    = {Granacher, Urs and Muehlbauer, Thomas and G{\"o}stemeyer, Gerd and Gruber, Stefanie and Gruber, Markus},
  title     = {The performance of balance exercises during daily tooth brushing is not sufficient to improve balance and muscle strength in healthy older adults},
  series = {BMC Geriatrics},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {BMC Geriatrics},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1471-2318},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12877-021-02206-w},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background High prevalence rates have been reported for physical inactivity, mobility limitations, and falls in older adults. Home-based exercise might be an adequate means to increase physical activity by improving health- (i.e., muscle strength) and skill-related components of physical fitness (i.e., balance), particularly in times of restricted physical activity due to pandemics. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effects of home-based balance exercises conducted during daily tooth brushing on measures of balance and muscle strength in healthy older adults. Methods Fifty-one older adults were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n = 27; age: 65.1 ± 1.1 years) or a passive control group (n = 24; age: 66.2 ± 3.3 years). The intervention group conducted balance exercises over a period of eight weeks twice daily for three minutes each during their daily tooth brushing routine. Pre- and post-intervention, tests were included for the assessment of static steady-state balance (i.e., Romberg test), dynamic steady-state balance (i.e., 10-m single and dual-task walk test using a cognitive and motor interference task), proactive balance (i.e., Timed-Up-and-Go Test [TUG], Functional-Reach-Test [FRT]), and muscle strength (i.e., Chair-Rise-Test [CRT]). Results Irrespective of group, the statistical analysis revealed significant main effects for time (pre vs. post) for dual-task gait speed (p < .001, 1.12 ≤ d ≤ 2.65), TUG (p < .001, d = 1.17), FRT (p = .002, d = 0.92), and CRT (p = .002, d = 0.94) but not for single-task gait speed and for the Romberg-Test. No significant group × time interactions were found for any of the investigated variables. Conclusions The applied lifestyle balance training program conducted twice daily during tooth brushing routines appears not to be sufficient in terms of exercise dosage and difficulty level to enhance balance and muscle strength in healthy adults aged 60-72 years. Consequently, structured balance training programs using higher exercise dosages and/or more difficult balance tasks are recommended for older adults to improve balance and muscle strength.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HortobagyiVetrovskyBalbimetal.2022,
  author    = {Hortob{\´a}gyi, Tibor and Vetrovsky, Tomas and Balbim, Guilherme Moraes and Sorte Silva, Narlon Cassio Boa and Manca, Andrea and Deriu, Franca and Kolmos, Mia and Kruuse, Christina and Liu-Ambrose, Teresa and Radak, Zsolt and Vaczi, Mark and Johansson, Hanna and Rocha dos Santos, Paulo Cezar and Franzen, Erika and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {The impact of aerobic and resistance training intensity on markers of neuroplasticity in health and disease},
  series = {Ageing research reviews : ARR},
  volume    = {80},
  journal   = {Ageing research reviews : ARR},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {1568-1637},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.arr.2022.101698},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Objective: To determine the effects of low- vs. high-intensity aerobic and resistance training on motor and cognitive function, brain activation, brain structure, and neurochemical markers of neuroplasticity and the association thereof in healthy young and older adults and in patients with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Design: Systematic review and robust variance estimation meta-analysis with meta-regression. Data sources: Systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases. Results: Fifty studies with 60 intervention arms and 2283 in-analyses participants were included. Due to the low number of studies, the three patient groups were combined and analyzed as a single group. Overall, low- (g=0.19, p = 0.024) and high-intensity exercise (g=0.40, p = 0.001) improved neuroplasticity. Exercise intensity scaled with neuroplasticity only in healthy young adults but not in healthy older adults or patient groups. Exercise-induced improvements in neuroplasticity were associated with changes in motor but not cognitive outcomes. Conclusion: Exercise intensity is an important variable to dose and individualize the exercise stimulus for healthy young individuals but not necessarily for healthy older adults and neurological patients. This conclusion warrants caution because studies are needed that directly compare the effects of low- vs. high-intensity exercise on neuroplasticity to determine if such changes are mechanistically and incrementally linked to improved cognition and motor function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HortobagyiLesinskiFernandezdelOlmoetal.2015,
  author    = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and Fernandez-del-Olmo, Miguel and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Small and inconsistent effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
  series = {European journal of applied physiology},
  volume    = {115},
  journal   = {European journal of applied physiology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1439-6319},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00421-015-3194-9},
  pages     = {1605 -- 1625},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We quantified the acute and chronic effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance or its proxy measures in competitive and/or elite athletes. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 0.3 \% acute effect on maximal voluntary leg force (-6.4 \%, effect size = -0.43, 1 study), leg power (4.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.30, 6 studies), flexibility (4.6 \%, effect size = -0.12 to 0.22, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.9 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.26, 6 studies) in 191 (103 male, 88 female) athletes representing eight sports (overall effect size = 0.28). Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 10.2 \% chronic effect on maximal voluntary leg force (14.6 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.44, 5 studies), leg power (10.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.42, 9 studies), flexibility (16.5 \%, effect size = 0.57 to 0.61, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.2 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.45, 5 studies) in 437 (169 male, 268 female) athletes (overall effect size = 0.44). Whole body vibration has small and inconsistent acute and chronic effects on athletic performance in competitive and/or elite athletes. These findings lead to the hypothesis that neuromuscular adaptive processes following whole body vibration are not specific enough to enhance athletic performance. Thus, other types of exercise programs (e.g., resistance training) are recommended if the goal is to improve athletic performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MohammadiHilfikerJafarnezhadgeroetal.2017,
  author    = {Mohammadi, Vahid and Hilfiker, Roger and Jafarnezhadgero, Amir Ali and Jamialahmadi, Shima and Ardakani, Mohammad Karimizadeh and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Relationship between training-induced changes in the star excursion balance test and the Y balance test in young male athletes},
  series = {Annals of applied sport science},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Annals of applied sport science},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Annals applied sport science},
  address   = {Tehran},
  issn      = {2322-4479},
  doi       = {10.29252/acadpub.aassjournal.5.3.31},
  pages     = {31 -- 38},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background. Dynamic balance is often assessed in athletes using either the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) or the Y Balance Test (YBT). There is evidence that the results for the three common directions are not comparable. Thus, the question is open to debate as to which instrument is better suited to measure training-induced changes over time. Objectives. The aim of this study is to compare the changes in the SEBT and the YBT, measured before and after six weeks of balance and strength exercise programmes in young and healthy athletes. Methods. A total of 30 young male athletes aged 15-17 years participated in this study and were involved in a six-week combined training, including balance and strength exercise. During pre-and post-training periods, the SEBT and YBT were conducted in random order. Results. The comparison between the changes in the SEBT and YBT with a paired sample T-test showed a significant increase in PM (p=0.001) and PL reach directions (p=0.000). No differences were observed in the A reach direction (p=0.38). Conclusion. the responsiveness levels of the SEBT and YBT are similar is valid. Also, because of higher effect size value in the anterior direction in YBT compared with SEBT, this balance test could possibly be preferred in this direction for postural control evaluation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelzkeStutzigThorhaueretal.2012,
  author    = {Voelzke, Mathias and Stutzig, Norman and Thorhauer, Hans-Alexander and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Promoting lower extremity strength in elite volleyball players: Effects of two combined training methods},
  series = {JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {ELSEVIER SCI LTD},
  address   = {OXFORD},
  issn      = {1440-2440},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jsams.2012.02.004},
  pages     = {457 -- 462},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Objectives: To compare the impact of short term training with resistance plus plyometric training (RT+P) or electromyostimulation plus plyometric training (EMS+P) on explosive force production in elite volleyball players. Design: Sixteen elite volleyball players of the first German division participated in a training study. Methods: The participants were randomly assigned to either the RT+P training group (n = 8) or the EMS+P training group (n= 8). Both groups participated in a 5-week lower extremity exercise program. Pre and post tests included squat jumps (Si), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and drop jumps (DJ) on a force plate. The three-step reach height (RH) was assessed using a custom-made vertec apparatus. Fifteen m straight and lateral sprint (S15s and S15l) were assessed using photoelectric cells with interims at 5 m and 10 m. Results: RT+P training resulted in significant improvements in Si (+2.3\%) and RH (+0.4\%) performance. The EMS+P training group showed significant increases in performance of CMJ (+3.8\%), DJ (+6.4\%), RH (+1.6\%), S15l (-3.8\%) and after 5 m and 10 m of the S15s (-2.6\%; -0.5\%). The comparison of training-induced changes between the two intervention groups revealed significant differences for the Si (p = 0.023) in favor of RT+P and for the S15s after 5 m (p = 0.006) in favor of EMS+P. Conclusions: The results indicate that RT+P training is effective in promoting jump performances and EMS+P training increases jump, speed and agility performances of elite volleyball players. (c) 2012 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NiedererVogtWippertetal.2016,
  author    = {Niederer, Daniel and Vogt, Lutz and Wippert, Pia-Maria and Puschmann, Anne-Katrin and Pfeifer, Ann-Christin and Schiltenwolf, Marcus and Banzer, Winfried and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Medicine in spine exercise (MiSpEx) for nonspecific low back pain patients: study protocol for a multicentre, single-blind randomized controlled trial},
  series = {Trials},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Trials},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1745-6215},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13063-016-1645-1},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Arising from the relevance of sensorimotor training in the therapy of nonspecific low back pain patients and from the value of individualized therapy, the present trial aims to test the feasibility and efficacy of individualized sensorimotor training interventions in patients suffering from nonspecific low back pain. Methods and study design: A multicentre, single-blind two-armed randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a 12-week (3 weeks supervised centre-based and 9 weeks home-based) individualized sensorimotor exercise program is performed. The control group stays inactive during this period. Outcomes are pain, and pain-associated function as well as motor function in adults with nonspecific low back pain. Each participant is scheduled to five measurement dates: baseline (M1), following centre-based training (M2), following home-based training (M3) and at two follow-up time points 6 months (M4) and 12 months (M5) after M1. All investigations and the assessment of the primary and secondary outcomes are performed in a standardized order: questionnaires - clinical examination biomechanics (motor function). Subsequent statistical procedures are executed after the examination of underlying assumptions for parametric or rather non-parametric testing. Discussion: The results and practical relevance of the study will be of clinical and practical relevance not only for researchers and policy makers but also for the general population suffering from nonspecific low back pain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeijersbergenGranacherGaebleretal.2017,
  author    = {Beijersbergen, Chantal M. I. and Granacher, Urs and Gaebler, Martijn and DeVita, Paul and Hortobagyi, Tibor},
  title     = {Hip mechanics underlie lower extremity power training-induced increase in old adults' fast gait velocity},
  series = {Gait \& posture},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Gait \& posture},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0966-6362},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.12.024},
  pages     = {338 -- 344},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Methods: As part of the Potsdam Gait Study (POGS), healthy old adults completed a no-intervention control period (69.1 +/- 4A yrs, n =14) or a power training program followed by detraining (72.9 +/- 5.4 yrs, n = 15).We measured isokinetic knee extensor and plantarflexor power and measured hip, knee and ankle kinetics at habitual, fast and standardized walking speeds. Results: Power training significantly increased isokinetic knee extensor power (25\%), plantarflexor power (43\%), and fast gait velocity (5.9\%). Gait mechanics underlying the improved fast gait velocity included increases in hip angular impulse (29\%) and H1 work (37\%) and no changes in positive knee (K2) and A2 work. Detraining further improved fast gait velocity (4.7\%) with reductions in H1(-35\%), and increases in K2 (36\%) and A2 (7\%). Conclusion: Power training increased fast gait velocity in healthy old adults by increasing the reliance on hip muscle function and thus further strengthened the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in muscle function. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoserTschakertMuelleretal.2015,
  author    = {Moser, Othmar and Tschakert, Gerhard and M{\"u}ller, Alexander and Groeschl, Werner and Pieber, Thomas R. and Obermayer-Pietsch, Barbara and Koehler, Gerd and Hofmann, Peter},
  title     = {Exercise versus Moderate Continuous Exercise on Glucose Homeostasis and Hormone Response in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Novel Ultra-Long-Acting Insulin},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  address   = {Lawrence},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136489},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Introduction We investigated blood glucose (BG) and hormone response to aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate continuous exercise (CON) matched for mean load and duration in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Material and Methods Seven trained male subjects with T1DM performed a maximal incremental exercise test and HIIE and CON at 3 different mean intensities below (A) and above (B) the first lactate turn point and below the second lactate turn point (C) on a cycle ergometer. Subjects were adjusted to ultra-long-acting insulin Degludec (Tresiba/ Novo Nordisk, Denmark). Before exercise, standardized meals were administered, and short-acting insulin dose was reduced by 25\% (A), 50\% (B), and 75\% (C) dependent on mean exercise intensity. During exercise, BG, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-1, blood lactate, heart rate, and gas exchange variables were measured. For 24 h after exercise, interstitial glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system. Results BG decrease during HIIE was significantly smaller for B (p = 0.024) and tended to be smaller for A and C compared to CON. No differences were found for post-exercise interstitial glucose, acute hormone response, and carbohydrate utilization between HIIE and CON for A, B, and C. In HIIE, blood lactate for A (p = 0.006) and B (p = 0.004) and respiratory exchange ratio for A (p = 0.003) and B (p = 0.003) were significantly higher compared to CON but not for C. Conclusion Hypoglycemia did not occur during or after HIIE and CON when using ultra-long-acting insulin and applying our methodological approach for exercise prescription. HIIE led to a smaller BG decrease compared to CON, although both exercises modes were matched for mean load and duration, even despite markedly higher peak workloads applied in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE and CON could be safely performed in T1DM.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MoserTschakertMuelleretal.2015,
  author    = {Moser, Othmar and Tschakert, Gerhard and M{\"u}ller, Alexander and Groeschl, Werner and Pieber, Thomas R. and Obermayer-Pietsch, Barbara and Koehler, Gerd and Hofmann, Peter},
  title     = {Exercise versus Moderate Continuous Exercise on Glucose Homeostasis and Hormone Response in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Novel Ultra-Long-Acting Insulin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82479},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Introduction We investigated blood glucose (BG) and hormone response to aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate continuous exercise (CON) matched for mean load and duration in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Material and Methods Seven trained male subjects with T1DM performed a maximal incremental exercise test and HIIE and CON at 3 different mean intensities below (A) and above (B) the first lactate turn point and below the second lactate turn point (C) on a cycle ergometer. Subjects were adjusted to ultra-long-acting insulin Degludec (Tresiba/ Novo Nordisk, Denmark). Before exercise, standardized meals were administered, and short-acting insulin dose was reduced by 25\% (A), 50\% (B), and 75\% (C) dependent on mean exercise intensity. During exercise, BG, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-1, blood lactate, heart rate, and gas exchange variables were measured. For 24 h after exercise, interstitial glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system. Results BG decrease during HIIE was significantly smaller for B (p = 0.024) and tended to be smaller for A and C compared to CON. No differences were found for post-exercise interstitial glucose, acute hormone response, and carbohydrate utilization between HIIE and CON for A, B, and C. In HIIE, blood lactate for A (p = 0.006) and B (p = 0.004) and respiratory exchange ratio for A (p = 0.003) and B (p = 0.003) were significantly higher compared to CON but not for C. Conclusion Hypoglycemia did not occur during or after HIIE and CON when using ultra-long-acting insulin and applying our methodological approach for exercise prescription. HIIE led to a smaller BG decrease compared to CON, although both exercises modes were matched for mean load and duration, even despite markedly higher peak workloads applied in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE and CON could be safely performed in T1DM.},
  language  = {en}
}