@article{LangeCerellaVerhaeghen2011,
  author    = {Lange, Elke B. and Cerella, John and Verhaeghen, Paul},
  title     = {Ease of access to list items in short-term memory depends on the order of the recognition probes},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0022220},
  pages     = {608 -- 620},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {We report data from 4 experiments using a recognition design with multiple probes to be matched to specific study positions. Items could be accessed rapidly, independent of set size, when the test order matched the study order (forward condition). When the order of testing was random, backward, or in a prelearned irregular sequence (reordered conditions), the classic Sternberg result was obtained: Response times were slow and increased linearly with set size. A number of explanations for forward-condition facilitation were ruled out, such as the predictability of the study order (Experiment 2), the predictability of the probe order (Experiment 1), the covariation of study and test orders (Experiments 1, 2, and 4), processes of probe encoding and perception that did not rely on STM access (Experiments I, 2, and 4), specific support of the forward condition by articulatory processes (Experiment 3), or condition-dependent strategic differences (Experiment 4). More detailed analyses demonstrated that fast forward responses could not be accounted for by the effects of input position and output position that modulated random responses, effects that did account for the slower responses of the reordered conditions (Experiments 1, 3, and 4). A final analysis of probe-to-probe transitions as a function of encoding distance revealed a sizeable single-step benefit in the random condition. We concluded that STM representations were serial rather than spatial and that forward probes benefited from their serial adjacency.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LangeVerhaeghenCerella2010,
  author    = {Lange, Elke B. and Verhaeghen, Paul and Cerella, John},
  title     = {Dual representations of item identity and item location in short-term memory: Evidence for two access modes},
  issn      = {0954-1446},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Memory sets of N=1 ~ 5 digits were exposed sequentially from left-to-right across the screen, followed by N recognition probes. Probes had to be compared to memory list items on identity only (Sternberg task) or conditional on list position. Positions were probed randomly or in left-to-right order. Search functions related probe response times to set size. Random probing led to ramped, "Sternbergian" functions whose intercepts were elevated by the location requirement. Sequential probing led to flat search functions{\`u}fast responses unaffected by set size. These results suggested that items in STM could be accessed either by a slow search-on-identity followed by recovery of an associated location tag, or in a single step by following item-to-item links in study order. It is argued that this dual coding of location information occurs spontaneously at study, and that either code can be utilised at retrieval depending on test demands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VerhaeghenKliegl2000,
  author    = {Verhaeghen, Paul and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The effects of learning a new algorithm on asymptotic accuracy and execution speed in old age : a reanalysis},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VerhaeghenKlieglMayr1997,
  author    = {Verhaeghen, Paul and Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich},
  title     = {Sequential and coordinative complexity in time-accurary functions for mental arithmetic},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}