@article{AntoniewiczBrand2016,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Dropping Out or Keeping Up?},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00838},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was to examine how automatic evaluations of exercising (AEE) varied according to adherence to an exercise program. Eighty-eight participants (24.98 years ± 6.88; 51.1\% female) completed a Brief-Implicit Association Task assessing their AEE, positive and negative associations to exercising at the beginning of a 3-month exercise program. Attendance data were collected for all participants and used in a cluster analysis of adherence patterns. Three different adherence patterns (52 maintainers, 16 early dropouts, 20 late dropouts; 40.91\% overall dropouts) were detected using cluster analyses. Participants from these three clusters differed significantly with regard to their positive and negative associations to exercising before the first course meeting (η2p = 0.07). Discriminant function analyses revealed that positive associations to exercising was a particularly good discriminating factor. This is the first study to provide evidence of the differential impact of positive and negative associations on exercise behavior over the medium term. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of evaluative processes from a dual-process perspective and may provide a basis for targeted interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AntoniewiczBrand2016,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Dropping Out or Keeping Up?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97060},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was to examine how automatic evaluations of exercising (AEE) varied according to adherence to an exercise program. Eighty-eight participants (24.98 years ± 6.88; 51.1\% female) completed a Brief-Implicit Association Task assessing their AEE, positive and negative associations to exercising at the beginning of a 3-month exercise program. Attendance data were collected for all participants and used in a cluster analysis of adherence patterns. Three different adherence patterns (52 maintainers, 16 early dropouts, 20 late dropouts; 40.91\% overall dropouts) were detected using cluster analyses. Participants from these three clusters differed significantly with regard to their positive and negative associations to exercising before the first course meeting (η2p = 0.07). Discriminant function analyses revealed that positive associations to exercising was a particularly good discriminating factor. This is the first study to provide evidence of the differential impact of positive and negative associations on exercise behavior over the medium term. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of evaluative processes from a dual-process perspective and may provide a basis for targeted interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AntoniewiczBrand2014,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Automatic evaluations and exercise setting preference in frequent exercisers},
  series = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Human Kinetics Publ.},
  address   = {Champaign},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  doi       = {10.1123/jsep.2014-0033},
  pages     = {631 -- 636},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The goals of this study were to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluative responses and whether automatic evaluations reflect exercise setting preference in highly active exercisers. An adapted version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure was employed. Seventy-two highly active exercisers (26 years +/- 9.03; 43\% female) were subliminally primed (7 ms) with pictures depicting typical fitness center scenarios or gray rectangles (control primes). After each prime, participants consciously evaluated the "pleasantness" of a Chinese symbol. Controlled evaluations were measured with a questionnaire and were more positive in participants who regularly visited fitness centers than in those who reported avoiding this exercise setting. Only center exercisers gave automatic positive evaluations of the fitness center setting (partial eta squared = .08). It is proposed that a subliminal Affect Misattribution Procedure paradigm can detect automatic evaluations to exercising and that, in highly active exercisers, these evaluations play a role in decisions about the exercise setting rather than the amounts of physical exercise. Findings are interpreted in terms of a dual systems theory of social information processing and behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AntoniewiczBrand2016,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Dropping Out or Keeping Up? Early-Dropouts, Late-Dropouts, and Maintainers Differ in Their Automatic Evaluations of Exercise Already before a 14-Week Exercise Course},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00838},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was to examine how automatic evaluations of exercising (AEE) varied according to adherence to an exercise program. Eighty-eight participants (24.98 years +/- 6.88; 51.1\% female) completed a Brief-Implicit Association Task assessing their AEE, positive and negative associations to exercising at the beginning of a 3-month exercise program. Attendance data were collected for all participants and used in a cluster analysis of adherence patterns. Three different adherence patterns (52 maintainers, 16 early dropouts, 20 late dropouts; 40.91\% overall dropouts) were detected using cluster analyses. Participants from these three clusters differed significantly with regard to their positive and negative associations to exercising before the first course meeting (eta(2)(p) = 0.07). Discriminant function analyses revealed that positive associations to exercising was a particularly good discriminating factor. This is the first study to provide evidence of the differential impact of positive and negative associations on exercise behavior over the medium term. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of evaluative processes from a dual-process perspective and may provide a basis for targeted interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Brand2010,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Sportpsychologie},
  series = {Basiswissen Psychologie},
  journal   = {Basiswissen Psychologie},
  publisher = {VS Verlag f{\"u}r Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH Wiesbaden},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  isbn      = {978-3-531-16699-5},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-531-92445-8},
  pages     = {155 S.},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BrandCheval2019,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Cheval, Boris},
  title     = {Theories to explain exercise motivation and physical inactivity},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01147},
  pages     = {4},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandEkkekakis2017,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Ekkekakis, Panteleimon},
  title     = {Affective-Reflective Theory of physical inactivity and exercise},
  series = {German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {2509-3142},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12662-017-0477-9},
  pages     = {48 -- 58},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This article introduces a new theory, the Affective-Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise. ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise). It is a dual-process model and assumes that exercise-related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). The automatic affective valuation forms the basis for the reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-control resources are available. The automatic affective valuation is connected with an action impulse, whereas the reflective evaluation can result in action plans. The two processes, in constant interaction, direct the individual towards or away from changing behavior. The ART of physical inactivity and exercise predicts that, when there is an affective-reflective discrepancy and self-control resources are low, behavior is more likely to be governed by the affective type-1 process. This introductory article explains the underlying concepts and main theoretical roots from which the ART of physical inactivity and exercise was developed (field theory, affective responses to exercise, automatic evaluation, evaluation-behavior link, dual-process theorizing). We also summarize the empirical tests that have been conducted to refine the theory in its present form.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BrandElbe2012,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Elbe, Anne M.},
  title     = {Ethical decision-making training as a chance for doping prevention?},
  series = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  volume    = {34},
  booktitle = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  publisher = {Human Kinetics Publ.},
  address   = {Champaign},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  pages     = {S205 -- S205},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandHeckZiegler2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Heck, Philipp and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport: a picture-based},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-9-7},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results. Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7\%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT. Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BrandHeckZiegler2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Heck, Philipp and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401404},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Doping attitude is a key variable in predicting athletes' intention to use forbidden performance enhancing drugs. Indirect reaction-time based attitude tests, such as the implicit association test, conceal the ultimate goal of measurement from the participant better than questionnaires. Indirect tests are especially useful when socially sensitive constructs such as attitudes towards doping need to be described. The present study serves the development and validation of a novel picture-based brief implicit association test (BIAT) for testing athletes' attitudes towards doping in sport. It shall provide the basis for a transnationally compatible research instrument able to harmonize anti-doping research efforts. Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results. Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7\%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT. Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}