@article{EnsslinSandnerMatthies2011,
  author    = {Ensslin, Andreas and Sandner, Tobias M. and Matthies, Diethart},
  title     = {Consequences of ex situ cultivation of plants genetic diversity, fitness and adaptation of the monocarpic Cynoglossum officinale L. in botanic gardens},
  series = {: an international journal},
  volume    = {144},
  journal   = {: an international journal},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0006-3207},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.001},
  pages     = {272 -- 278},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Ex situ collections in botanic gardens have great potential in contributing to the conservation of rare plants. However, little is known about the effects of cultivation on the genetic diversity and fitness of garden populations, about genetic changes due to unconscious selection and potential adaptation to the artificial conditions. We compared the genetic variability and fitness of the rare, short-lived perennial Cynoglossum officinale from 12 botanic gardens and five natural populations in Germany. Genetic variability was assessed with eight nuclear microsatellites. Plants were grown in a common garden and performance was measured over 2 years. Mean genetic diversity was very similar in botanic garden and natural populations. However, four of the garden populations exhibited no genetic variability at all. Moreover, the genetic diversity of garden populations decreased with increasing duration of cultivation, indicating genetic drift. Plant performance from natural and garden populations in terms of growth, flowering and seed production was similar and in garden populations only seed mass was strongly related to genetic diversity. Several lines of evidence indicated genetic changes in garden populations in response to cultivation. Seed dormancy was strongly reduced in garden populations, and in response to nutrient addition garden plants increased the size of their main inflorescence, while wild plants increased the number of inflorescences. These changes could be maladaptive in nature and reduce the suitability of garden populations as a source for reintroductions. We suggest that botanic gardens should pay more attention to the problem of potential genetic changes in their plant collections.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchleuningTemplinHuamanetal.2011,
  author    = {Schleuning, Matthias and Templin, Mathias and Huaman, Vicky and Vadillo, Giovana P. and Becker, Thomas and Durka, Walter and Fischer, Markus and Matthies, Diethart},
  title     = {Effects of inbreeding, outbreeding, and supplemental pollen on the reproduction of a hummingbird-pollinated clonal amazonian herb},
  series = {Biotropica : a publication of the Association for Tropical Biology},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Biotropica : a publication of the Association for Tropical Biology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0006-3606},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00663.x},
  pages     = {183 -- 191},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Understory herbs are an essential part of tropical rain forests, but little is known about factors limiting their reproduction. Many of these herbs are clonal, patchily distributed, and produce large floral displays of nectar-rich 1-d flowers to attract hummingbird pollinators that may transport pollen over long distances. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clonality, cross-proximity, and patchy distribution on the reproduction of the hummingbird-pollinated Amazonian herb Heliconia metallica. We experimentally pollinated flowers within populations with self-pollen and with pollen of different diversity, crossed flowers between populations, and added supplemental pollen to ramets growing solitarily or in conspecific patches. Only flowers pollinated early in the morning produced seeds. Selfed flowers produced seeds, but seed number and mass were strongly reduced, suggesting partial sterility and inbreeding depression after selfing. Because of pollen competition, flowers produced more seeds after crosses with several than with single donor plants. Crosses between populations mostly resulted in lower seed production than those within populations, suggesting outbreeding depression. Ramets in patches produced fewer seeds than solitary ramets and were more pollen-limited, possibly due to geitonogamy and biparental inbreeding in patches. We conclude that high rates of geitonogamy due to clonality and pollen limitation due to the short receptivity of flowers and patchy distribution constrain the reproduction of this clonal herb. Even in unfragmented rain forests with highly mobile pollinators, outbreeding depression may be a widespread phenomenon in plant reproduction.},
  language  = {en}
}