@article{KupferMaxwellReinhardetal.2016,
  author    = {Kupfer, Alexander and Maxwell, Erin and Reinhard, Sandy and Kuehnel, Susanne},
  title     = {The evolution of parental investment in caecilian amphibians: a comparative approach},
  series = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society : a journal of evolution},
  volume    = {119},
  journal   = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society : a journal of evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0024-4066},
  doi       = {10.1111/bij.12805},
  pages     = {4 -- 14},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Parental care is widespread among vertebrates and the observed patterns of parental care and investment are extremely diverse. Among amphibians, caecilians (Gymnophiona) exhibit considerable variation in reproductive modes, including both oviparity and viviparity, combined with highly unusual investment strategies (e.g. skin-feeding and intrauterine feeding). In the present study, current knowledge on the reproductive modes is integrated into an analysis of the evolutionary scenario of parental investment of caecilians. Phylogenetically basal caecilians possessing a biphasic life cycle that includes an aquatic larval stage invest in macrolecithal eggs directly corresponding to size at hatching. Some phylogenetically derived caecilians (i.e. the Teresomata) have a smaller clutch size and show a reduction to either medium-yolked (mesolecithal) or small-yolked (microlecithal) eggs. Via alternative pathways of parental investment, such as intrauterine feeding in viviparous taxa and maternal dermatotrophy in oviparous taxa, teresomatan caecilians increase both offspring size and quality. However, more data regarding reproductive biology are needed to obtain a fully resolved understanding of the evolution of reproduction in caecilian amphibians. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinhardKupfer2015,
  author    = {Reinhard, Sandy and Kupfer, Alexander},
  title     = {Sexual dimorphism in a French population of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus (Urodela: Salamandridae)},
  series = {Salamandra : German journal of herpetology},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Salamandra : German journal of herpetology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde},
  address   = {Darmstadt},
  issn      = {0036-3375},
  pages     = {121 -- 128},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Amphibians have developed a large set of life-history strategies and demonstrate an impressive diversity of reproductive patterns compared to other vertebrates. Various selection pressures impact on males and females and see them produce different degrees of sexual dimorphism in order to maximise their reproductive success. In an extended morphometric analysis that included 27 body-and head-related characters, we studied the pattern of sexual dimorphism of a French population of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus. We analysed the characters by employing GLM methods (ANCOVA) and found 16 of them to be dimorphic between the sexes. In general, females differ in head-body size, such as snout-vent length, but males rather in shape or body proportions (e.g., limb proportions). The various expressions of sexual size dimorphism among large-bodied marbled newts and allies demonstrate that more than one evolutionary model works simultaneously on different traits.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinhardRennerKupfer2015,
  author    = {Reinhard, Sandy and Renner, Sandra and Kupfer, Alexander},
  title     = {Age and fecundity in Salamandra algira (Caudata: Salamandridae)},
  series = {Salamandra : German journal of herpetology},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Salamandra : German journal of herpetology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde},
  address   = {Darmstadt},
  issn      = {0036-3375},
  pages     = {19 -- 24},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Amphibians are characterised by potentially indefinite growth. Their body size reflects a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Consequently, growth decreases or even ceases after maturation. Furthermore, the sexes often mature at different ages (sexual bimaturity). We examined fecundity patterns of the terrestrial salamander Salamandra algira (Salamandridae) and tested if age, body size and the fecundity of both sexes are connected and how these reproductive traits interact. We revealed positive correlations for female size, age and fecundity traits, i.e., egg number and volume. The male number of testes lobes was also positively correlated with age. Our study provides basic data on a rarely studied terrestrial salamandrid. Further collection-based research is needed to obtain additional data aiding the understanding of life history evolution of the Salamandridae.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinhardRennerKupfer2015,
  author    = {Reinhard, Sandy and Renner, Sandra and Kupfer, Alexander},
  title     = {Sexual dimorphism and age of Mediterranean salamanders},
  series = {Zoology},
  volume    = {118},
  journal   = {Zoology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {0944-2006},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.zool.2014.08.002},
  pages     = {19 -- 26},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We analysed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) for two Mediterranean species of the "true" salamander clade possessing distinct life histories (Salamandra algira and Mertensiella caucasica) and equilibrated the morphometric approach to individual age by using skeletochronology. For species that have a short breeding season and live at high altitudes, such as Mediterranean amphibians, the fecundity advantage hypothesis predicts female-biased SSD to maximise reproductive success. Our results showed no SSD in either species; however, morphometric data indicated a male-biased dimorphism in limb (arm and leg) dimensions in both species when compared to body size. Limb dimorphisms are likely related to the particular mating system, which involves an amplexus during spermatophore transfer. Arm length appeared sexually dimorphic during ontogeny both in viviparous Salamandra algira and oviparous Mertensiella caucasica. A review on SSD indicated monomorphy of body size as a common lineage-specific pattern among the "true" salamander clade, but also the common presence of other traits such as sexually dimorphic limb proportions. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}