@misc{KrauseBekkeringPrattetal.2016,
  author    = {Krause, Florian and Bekkering, Harold and Pratt, Jay and Lindemann, Oliver},
  title     = {Interaction between numbers and size during visual search},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {623},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43544},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435442},
  pages     = {664 -- 677},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The current study investigates an interaction between numbers and physical size (i.e. size congruity) in visual search. In three experiments, participants had to detect a physically large (or small) target item among physically small (or large) distractors in a search task comprising single-digit numbers. The relative numerical size of the digits was varied, such that the target item was either among the numerically large or small numbers in the search display and the relation between numerical and physical size was either congruent or incongruent. Perceptual differences of the stimuli were controlled by a condition in which participants had to search for a differently coloured target item with the same physical size and by the usage of LCD-style numbers that were matched in visual similarity by shape transformations. The results of all three experiments consistently revealed that detecting a physically large target item is significantly faster when the numerical size of the target item is large as well (congruent), compared to when it is small (incongruent). This novel finding of a size congruity effect in visual search demonstrates an interaction between numerical and physical size in an experimental setting beyond typically used binary comparison tasks, and provides important new evidence for the notion of shared cognitive codes for numbers and sensorimotor magnitudes. Theoretical consequences for recent models on attention, magnitude representation and their interactions are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WiemersBekkeringLindemann2017,
  author    = {Wiemers, Michael and Bekkering, Harold and Lindemann, Oliver},
  title     = {Two attributes of number meaning},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {587},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43356},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433566},
  pages     = {253 -- 261},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Many studies demonstrated interactions between number processing and either spatial codes (effects of spatial-numerical associations) or visual size-related codes (size-congruity effect). However, the interrelatedness of these two number couplings is still unclear. The present study examines the simultaneous occurrence of space- and size-numerical congruency effects and their interactions both within and across trials, in a magnitude judgment task physically small or large digits were presented left or right from screen center. The reaction times analysis revealed that space- and size-congruency effects coexisted in parallel and combined additively. Moreover, a selective sequential modulation of the two congruency effects was found. The size-congruency effect was reduced after size incongruent trials. The space-congruency effect, however, was only affected by the previous space congruency. The observed independence of spatial-numerical and within magnitude associations is interpreted as evidence that the two couplings reflect Different attributes of numerical meaning possibly related to orginality and cardinality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KayhanWagnerMeyerO’Reillyetal.2019,
  author    = {Kayhan Wagner, Ezgi and Meyer, Marlene and O'Reilly, J.X. and Hunnius, Sabine and Bekkering, Harold},
  title     = {Nine-month-old infants update their predictive models of a changing environment},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {577},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43784},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437844},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Humans generate internal models of their environment to predict events in the world. As the environments change, our brains adjust to these changes by updating their internal models. Here, we investigated whether and how 9-month-old infants differentially update their models to represent a dynamic environment. Infants observed a predictable sequence of stimuli, which were interrupted by two types of cues. Following the update cue, the pattern was altered, thus, infants were expected to update their predictions for the upcoming stimuli. Because the pattern remained the same after the no-update cue, no subsequent updating was required. Infants showed an amplified negative central (Nc) response when the predictable sequence was interrupted. Late components such as the PSW were also evoked in response to unexpected stimuli; however, we found no evidence for a differential response to the informational value of surprising cues at later stages of processing. Infants rather learned that surprising cues always signal a change in the environment that requires updating. Interestingly, infants responded with an amplified neural response to the absence of an expected change, suggesting a top-down modulation of early sensory processing in infants. Our findings corroborate emerging evidence showing that infants build predictive models early in life.},
  language  = {en}
}