@article{KhalilKohlerTjaden2022,
  author    = {Khalil, Samir and Kohler, Ulrich and Tjaden, Jasper Dag},
  title     = {Is There a Rural Penalty in Language Acquisition? Evidence From Germany's Refugee Allocation Policy},
  series = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  publisher = {Frontiers},
  address   = {Lausanne, Schweiz},
  issn      = {2297-7775},
  doi       = {10.3389/fsoc.2022.841775},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of local contexts for integration trajectories of asylum seekers and refugees. Germany's policy of randomly allocating asylum seekers across Germany may advantage some and disadvantage others in terms of opportunities for equal participation in society. This study explores the question whether asylum seekers that have been allocated to rural areas experience disadvantages in terms of language acquisition compared to those allocated to urban areas. We derive testable assumptions using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) which are then tested using large-N survey data (IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee survey). We find that living in a rural area has no negative total effect on language skills. Further the findings suggest that the "null effect" is the result of two processes which offset each other: while asylum seekers in rural areas have slightly lower access for formal, federally organized language courses, they have more regular exposure to German speakers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KhalilKohlerTjaden2022,
  author    = {Khalil, Samir and Kohler, Ulrich and Tjaden, Jasper Dag},
  title     = {Is There a Rural Penalty in Language Acquisition? Evidence From Germany's Refugee Allocation Policy},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1867-5808},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56626},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-566264},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of local contexts for integration trajectories of asylum seekers and refugees. Germany's policy of randomly allocating asylum seekers across Germany may advantage some and disadvantage others in terms of opportunities for equal participation in society. This study explores the question whether asylum seekers that have been allocated to rural areas experience disadvantages in terms of language acquisition compared to those allocated to urban areas. We derive testable assumptions using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) which are then tested using large-N survey data (IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee survey). We find that living in a rural area has no negative total effect on language skills. Further the findings suggest that the "null effect" is the result of two processes which offset each other: while asylum seekers in rural areas have slightly lower access for formal, federally organized language courses, they have more regular exposure to German speakers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BradyGuerraKohleretal.2022,
  author    = {Brady, David and Guerra, Christian and Kohler, Ulrich and Link, Bruce},
  title     = {The long arm of prospective childhood income for mature adult health in the U.S.},
  series = {Journal of health and social behavior},
  volume    = {63},
  journal   = {Journal of health and social behavior},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {Los Angeles},
  issn      = {0022-1465},
  doi       = {10.1177/00221465221081094},
  pages     = {543 -- 559},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Pioneering scholarship links retrospective childhood conditions to mature adult health. We distinctively provide critical evidence with prospective state-of-the-art measures of parent income observed multiple times during childhood in the 1970s to 1990s. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we analyze six health outcomes (self-rated health, heart attack, stroke, life-threatening chronic conditions, non-life-threatening chronic conditions, and psychological distress) among 40- to 65-year-olds. Parent relative income rank has statistically and substantively significant relationships with five of six outcomes. The relationships with heart attack, stroke, and life-threatening chronic conditions are particularly strong. Parent income rank performs slightly better than alternative prospective and retrospective measures. At the same time, we provide novel validation on which retrospective measures (i.e., father's education) perform almost as well as prospective measures. Furthermore, we inform several perennial debates about how relative versus absolute income and other measures of socioeconomic status and social class influence health.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KhalilKohlerTjaden2022,
  author    = {Khalil, Samir and Kohler, Ulrich and Tjaden, Jasper},
  title     = {Is there a rural penalty in language acquisition?},
  series = {Frontiers in sociology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in sociology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {2297-7775},
  doi       = {10.3389/fsoc.2022.841775},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of local contexts for integration trajectories of asylum seekers and refugees. Germany's policy of randomly allocating asylum seekers across Germany may advantage some and disadvantage others in terms of opportunities for equal participation in society. This study explores the question whether asylum seekers that have been allocated to rural areas experience disadvantages in terms of language acquisition compared to those allocated to urban areas. We derive testable assumptions using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) which are then tested using large-N survey data (IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee survey). We find that living in a rural area has no negative total effect on language skills. Further the findings suggest that the "null effect" is the result of two processes which offset each other: while asylum seekers in rural areas have slightly lower access for formal, federally organized language courses, they have more regular exposure to German speakers.},
  language  = {en}
}