@article{BittmannBadtkeSchmidt1996,
  author    = {Bittmann, Frank and Badtke, Gernot and Schmidt, Ottmar},
  title     = {Behavior of the spinal column in a long-distance runner},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BittmannBadtkeSilbermann1996,
  author    = {Bittmann, Frank and Badtke, Gernot and Silbermann, U.},
  title     = {Control of the rehabilitation process after knee- and ankle-joint injury by means of the computerdynography method},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BittmannBadtkeSchmidt1998,
  author    = {Bittmann, Frank and Badtke, Gernot and Schmidt, Ottmar},
  title     = {On the kinematic behaviour of the pelvis and shoulde axis as well as the height of the spine during long distance running},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{SchmidtBadtkeBittmannetal.1998,
  author    = {Schmidt, Marco and Badtke, Gernot and Bittmann, Frank and Steuer, M.},
  title     = {A new approach for objektive determination of the external spine profile in the sagittal plane},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KittelMischSchmidtetal.2005,
  author    = {Kittel, Rene and Misch, K. and Schmidt, M. and Ellwanger, Siegfried and Bittmann, Frank and Badtke, Gernot},
  title     = {Specific effects of boxing on functional parameters of the locomotor system},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Problems: Boxer that take part on contests regularly are characterized by high strains on the locomotor system. Especially the area of shoulder girdle and neck can be overused by the fighting posture and standard techniques, that are often associated with non-physiological patterns. Methods: Of 11 young boxers (age 14.6 +/- 0.6 years; 7.3 +/- 0.6 training units per week) and a control group (CG) of 52 male pupils (age 15.4 +/- 0.4 years) the static of head, shoulder girdle, and pelvis was detected by somatoscopy. Additionally, cyclical rotations of the cervical spine were measured using the 3-d-motion recording system CMS70 (Zebris, Germany) and the active range of motion was analysed. Results: In comparison to the CG, head and shoulder of the boxers were ventralised more often (p<0.01). Furthermore, highly significant group differences in the bilateral position of the shoulder heights and the iliac crests were detected in the frontal plane. On average, the active maximal rotation of the boxers was decreased by 17.8 degrees (p = 0.006; d = 0.800). Discussion: Our study was able to detect significant differences in the analysed functional parameters of the locomotor system that may be explained by boxing specific strains and which are prerequisites of optimal performance. As long-term pathologic effects can not be excluded, adequate compensational exercises should be integrated in the training},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BittmannGutschowLutheretal.2005,
  author    = {Bittmann, Frank and Gutschow, Stephan and Luther, Sven and Wessel, Niels and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {On the functional relationship between postural motor balance and performance at school},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In integrated medical considerations of the biological human system, both intellectual and motor performances in a similar manner are considered as a result of the function of the nervous system. Consequently, universal minimal dysfunctions of the central nervous system may lead to both intellectual and physical anomalies. Therefore, this study tests the hypothesis that there is a connection between the balance ability as a motor parameter and school success as an intellectual parameter. A postural measuring system based on the force-moment sensor technique was used to record the postural balance regulation of 773 children (circle divide 11 +/- 1 years). The school achievement of each child was determined by school grades. Data analysis was performed by linear as well as by nonlinear time series analyses. There are highly significant differences in balance regulation between good and poor pupils recognized by several linear and nonlinear parameters. Good pupils could be discriminated from pupils with bad results in learning to 80 \%. The results support the hypothesis mentioned above. One possible explanation for the poor regulation of balance in bad learners could be a deficit in the neural maturity. In future, further developments will be targeted on higher discrimination levels, possibly in order to predict school success. On the other hand, the effects of special movement exercises on the neural development in childhood will be the focus in our further work},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtHennkeKnocheletal.2010,
  author    = {Schmidt, Marco and Hennke, Thomas and Knochel, Mira and Kurten, Achim and Hierholzer, Johannes and Daniel, Peter and Bittmann, Frank},
  title     = {Can chronic irritations of the trigeminal nerve cause musculoskeletal disorders?},
  issn      = {1021-7096},
  doi       = {10.1159/000315338},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this article, five cases of odontogenous dysfunctions and musculoskeletal complaints are presented. A common finding in all patients of this study was that the presence of joint complaints was related to deficits in the corresponding muscular function. These deficits were determined by manual muscle tests as described by Kendall et al. [Muscles - Testing and Function, ed 4. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1993] and were eliminated immediately by a neural therapeutic test injection into the disturbed dental region. The therapy provided solely aimed to eliminate the odontogenous dysfunction. No other therapeutic measures were carried out with regard to the patients' respective muscle, tendon, or joint complaints.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoffSchaeferHeinkeetal.2015,
  author    = {Hoff, Marko and Schaefer, Laura and Heinke, Nancy and Bittmann, Frank},
  title     = {Report on adaptive force, a specific neuromuscular function},
  series = {European journal of translational myology},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {European journal of translational myology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {PAGEPress},
  address   = {Pavia},
  issn      = {2037-7452},
  doi       = {10.4081/ejtm.2015.5183},
  pages     = {183 -- 189},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchaeferBittmann2017,
  author    = {Schaefer, Laura and Bittmann, Frank},
  title     = {Are there two forms of isometric muscle action?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402084},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background In isometric muscle function, there are subjectively two different modes of performance: one can either hold isometrically - thus resist an impacting force - or push isometrically - therefore work against a stable resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not two different isometric muscle actions - the holding vs. pushing one (HIMA vs PIMA) - can be distinguished by objective parameters. Methods Ten subjects performed two different measuring modes at 80\% of MVC realized by a special pneumatic system. During HIMA the subject had to resist the defined impacting force of the pneumatic system in an isometric position, whereby the force of the cylinder works in direction of elbow flexion against the subject. During PIMA the subject worked isometrically in direction of elbow extension against a stable position of the system. The signals of pressure, force, acceleration and mechanomyography/-tendography (MMG/MTG) of the elbow extensor (MMGtri/MTGtri) and the abdominal muscle (MMGobl) were recorded and evaluated concerning the duration of maintaining the force level (force endurance) and the characteristics of MMG-/MTG-signals. Statistical group differences comparing HIMA vs. PIMA were estimated using SPSS. Results Significant differences between HIMA and PIMA were especially apparent regarding the force endurance: During HIMA the subjects showed a decisively shorter time of stable isometric position (19 ± 8 s) in comparison with PIMA (41 ± 24 s; p = .005). In addition, during PIMA the longest isometric plateau amounted to 59.4\% of the overall duration time of isometric measuring, during HIMA it lasted 31.6\% (p = .000). The frequency of MMG/MTG did not show significant differences. The power in the frequency ranges of 8-15 Hz and 10-29 Hz was significantly higher in the MTGtri performing HIMA compared to PIMA (but not for the MMGs). The amplitude of MMG/MTG did not show any significant difference considering the whole measurement. However, looking only at the last 10\% of duration time (exhaustion), the MMGtri showed significantly higher amplitudes during PIMA. Conclusion The results suggest that under holding isometric conditions muscles exhaust earlier. That means that there are probably two forms of isometric muscle action. We hypothesize two potential reasons for faster yielding during HIMA: (1) earlier metabolic fatigue of the muscle fibers and (2) the complexity of neural control strategies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchaeferHoffBittmann2017,
  author    = {Schaefer, Laura and Hoff, Marco and Bittmann, Frank},
  title     = {Measuring system and method of determining the Adaptive Force},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402676},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The term Adaptive Force (AF) describes the capability of adaptation of the nerve-muscle-system to externally applied forces during isometric and eccentric muscle action. This ability plays an important role in real life motions as well as in sports. The focus of this paper is on the specific measurement method of this neuromuscular action, which can be seen as innovative. A measuring system based on the use of compressed air was constructed and evaluated for this neuromuscular function. It depends on the physical conditions of the subject, at which force level it deviates from the quasi isometric position and merges into eccentric muscle action. The device enables - in contrast to the isokinetic systems - a measure of strength without forced motion. Evaluation of the scientific quality criteria of the devices was done by measurements regarding the intra- and interrater-, the test-retest-reliability and fatiguing measurements. Comparisons of the pneumatic device with a dynamometer were also done. Looking at the mechanical evaluation, the results show a high level of consistency (r²=0.94 to 0.96). The parallel test reliability delivers a very high and significant correlation (ρ=0.976; p=0.000). Including the biological system, the concordance of three different raters is very high (p=0.001, Cronbachs alpha α=0.987). The test retest with 4 subjects over five weeks speaks for the reliability of the device in showing no statistically significant differences. These evaluations indicate that the scientific evaluation criteria are fulfilled. The specific feature of this system is that an isometric position can be maintained while the externally impacting force rises. Moreover, the device can capture concentric, static and eccentric strength values. Fields of application are performance diagnostics in sports and medicine.},
  language  = {en}
}