@article{TitovLysyakovaLomadzeetal.2015, author = {Titov, Evgenii and Lysyakova, Liudmila and Lomadze, Nino and Kabashin, Andrei V. and Saalfrank, Peter and Santer, Svetlana}, title = {Thermal Cis-to-Trans Isomerization of Azobenzene-Containing Molecules Enhanced by Gold Nanoparticles: An Experimental and Theoretical Study}, series = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, volume = {119}, journal = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, number = {30}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1932-7447}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02473}, pages = {17369 -- 17377}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We report on the experimental and theoretical investigation of a considerable increase in the rate for thermal cis -> trans isomerization of azobenzene-containing molecules in the presence of gold nanopartides. Experimentally, by means of UV vis spectroscopy, we studied a series of azobenzene-containing surfactants and 4-nitroazobenzene. We found that in the presence of gold,nanoparticles the thermal lifetime of the cis isomer of the azobenzenecontaining molecules was decreased by up to 3 orders of magnitude in comparison to the lifetime in solution without nanoparticles. The electron transfer between azobenzene-containing molecules and a surface of gold nanopartides is a possible reason to promote the thermal cis trans switching. To investigate the effect of electron attachment to, and withdrawal from, the azobenzene-containing molecules on the isomerization rate, we performed density functional theory calculations of activation energy barriers of the reaction together with Eyring's transition state theory calculations of the rates for azobenzene derivatives with donor and acceptor groups in para position of one of the phenyl rings, as well as for one of the azobenzene-containing surfactants. We found that activation barriers are greatly lowered for azobenzene-containing molecules, both upon electron attachment and withdrawal, which leads, in turn, to a dramatic increase in the thermal isomerization rate.}, language = {en} } @article{KopyshevLomadzeFeldmanetal.2015, author = {Kopyshev, Alexey and Lomadze, Nino and Feldman, David and Genzer, Jan and Santer, Svetlana}, title = {Making polymer brush photosensitive with azobenzene containing surfactants}, series = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, volume = {79}, journal = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, publisher = {Elsevier Science}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0032-3861}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.023}, pages = {65 -- 72}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We report on rendering polyelectrolyte brushes photosensitive by loading them with azobenzene-containing cationic surfactants. Planar poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes are synthesized using the "grafting from" free-radical polymerization scheme followed by exposure to a solution of photosensitive surfactants consisting of positively-charged head groups and hydrophobic tails into which azobenzene moieties are inserted. In this study the length of the hydrophobic methylene spacer connecting the azobenzene and the charged head group ranges from 4 to 10 CH2 groups. Under irradiation with UV light, the photo-isomerization of azobenzene integrated into a surfactant results in a change in size, geometry, dipole moment and free volume of the whole molecule. When the brush loaded with photosensitive surfactants is exposed to irradiation with UV interference patterns, the topography of the brush deforms following the distribution of the light intensity, exhibiting surface relief gratings (SRG). Since SRG formation is accompanied by a local rupturing of polymer chains in areas from which the polymer material is receding, most of the polymer material is removed from the surface during treatment with good solvent, leaving behind characteristic patterns of lines or dots. The azobenzene molecules still integrated within the polymer film can be removed by washing the brush with water. The remaining nano-structured brush can then be re-used for further functionalization. Although the opto-mechanically induced rupturing occurs for all surfactants, larger species do not penetrate deep enough into the brush such that after rupturing a leftover layer of polymer material remains on the substrate. This indicates that rupturing occurs predominantly in regions of high surfactant density.}, language = {en} } @article{KopyshevLomadzeFeldmannetal.2015, author = {Kopyshev, Alexey and Lomadze, Nino and Feldmann, David and Genzer, Jan and Santer, Svetlana}, title = {Making polymer brush photosensitive with azobenzene containing surfactants}, series = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, volume = {79}, journal = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0032-3861}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.023}, pages = {65 -- 72}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We report on rendering polyelectrolyte brushes photosensitive by loading them with azobenzene-containing cationic surfactants. Planar poly( methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes are synthesized using the "grafting from" free-radical polymerization scheme followed by exposure to a solution of photosensitive surfactants consisting of positively-charged head groups and hydrophobic tails into which azobenzene moieties are inserted. In this study the length of the hydrophobic methylene spacer connecting the azobenzene and the charged head group ranges from 4 to 10 CH2 groups. Under irradiation with UV light, the photo-isomerization of azobenzene integrated into a surfactant results in a change in size, geometry, dipole moment and free volume of the whole molecule. When the brush loaded with photosensitive surfactants is exposed to irradiation with UV interference patterns, the topography of the brush deforms following the distribution of the light intensity, exhibiting surface relief gratings (SRG). Since SRG formation is accompanied by a local rupturing of polymer chains in areas from which the polymer material is receding, most of the polymer material is removed from the surface during treatment with good solvent, leaving behind characteristic patterns of lines or dots. The azobenzene molecules still integrated within the polymer film can be removed by washing the brush with water. The remaining nano-structured brush can then be re-used for further functionalization. Although the opto-mechanically induced rupturing occurs for all surfactants, larger species do not penetrate deep enough into the brush such that after rupturing a leftover layer of polymer material remains on the substrate. This indicates that rupturing occurs predominantly in regions of high surfactant density.}, language = {en} } @article{LysyakovaLomadzeNeheretal.2015, author = {Lysyakova, Liudmila and Lomadze, Nino and Neher, Dieter and Maximova, Ksenia and Kabashin, Andrei V. and Santer, Svetlana}, title = {Light-Tunable Plasmonic Nanoarchitectures Using Gold Nanoparticle-Azobenzene-Containing Cationic Surfactant Complexes}, series = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, volume = {119}, journal = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, number = {7}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1932-7447}, doi = {10.1021/jp511232g}, pages = {3762 -- 3770}, year = {2015}, abstract = {When arranged in a proper nanoaggregate architecture, gold nanoparticles can offer controllable plasmon-related absorption/scattering, yielding distinct color effects that depend critically on the relative orientation and distance between nanoparticle constituents. Herein, we report on the implementation of novel plasmonic nanoarchitectures based on complexes between gold nanoparticles and an azobenzene-modified cationic surfactant that can exhibit a light-tunable plasmonic response. The formation of such complexes becomes possible through the use of strongly negatively charged bare gold nanoparticles (similar to 10-nm diameter) prepared by the method of laser ablation in deionized water. Driven by electrostatic interactions, the cationic surfactant molecules attach and form a shell around the negatively charged nanoparticles, resulting in neutralization of the particle charge or even overcompensation beyond which the nanoparticles become positively charged. At low and high surfactant concentrations, Au nanoparticles are negatively and positively charged, respectively, and are represented by single species due to electric repulsion effects having absorption peaks around 523-527 nm, whereas at intermediate concentrations, the Au nanoparticles become neutral, forming nanoscale 100-nm clusterlike aggregates and exhibiting an additional absorption peak at gimel > 600 nm and a visible change in the color of the solution from red to blue. Because of the presence of the photosensitive azobenzene unit in the surfactant tail that undergoes trans-to-cis isomerization under irradiation with UV light, we then demonstrate a light-controlled nanoclustering of nanoparticles, yielding a switch in the plasmonic absorption band and a related change in the solution color. The formed hybrid architectures with a light-controlled plasmonic response could be important for a variety of tasks, including biomedical, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), data transmission, and storage applications.}, language = {en} }