@article{WolffBrand2013,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Subjective stressors in school and their relation to neuroenhancement a behavioral perspective on students' everyday life "doping"},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-23},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: The use of psychoactive substances to neuroenhance cognitive performance is prevalent. Neuroenhancement (NE) in everyday life and doping in sport might rest on similar attitudinal representations, and both behaviors can be theoretically modeled by comparable means-to-end relations (substance-performance). A behavioral (not substance-based) definition of NE is proposed, with assumed functionality as its core component. It is empirically tested whether different NE variants (lifestyle drug, prescription drug, and illicit substance) can be regressed to school stressors. Findings: Participants were 519 students (25.8 +/- 8.4 years old, 73.1\% female). Logistic regressions indicate that a modified doping attitude scale can predict all three NE variants. Multiple NE substance abuse was frequent. Overwhelming demands in school were associated with lifestyle and prescription drug NE. Conclusions: Researchers should be sensitive for probable structural similarities between enhancement in everyday life and sport and systematically explore where findings from one domain can be adapted for the other. Policy makers should be aware that students might misperceive NE as an acceptable means of coping with stress in school, and help to form societal sensitivity for the topic of NE among our younger ones in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WippertFliesser2016,
  author    = {Wippert, Pia-Maria and Fliesser, Michael},
  title     = {National doping prevention guidelines : Intent, efficacy and lessons learned},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13011-016-0079-9},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools. Methods The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54.5 \% male, 45.5 \% female, age M = 16.7 ± 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p <0.001), although this difference was small. Conclusion The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP"booster sessions" had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WippertFliesser2016,
  author    = {Wippert, Pia-Maria and Fliesser, Michael},
  title     = {National doping prevention guidelines: Intent, efficacy and lessons learned - A 4-year evaluation},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13011-016-0079-9},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools. Methods: The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54. 5 \% male, 45.5 \% female, age M = 16.7 +/- 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p < 0.001), although this difference was small. Conclusion: The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP "booster sessions" had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WangZuoKimetal.2022,
  author    = {Wang, Suhao and Zuo, Guangzheng and Kim, Jongho and Sirringhaus, Henning},
  title     = {Progress of Conjugated Polymers as Emerging Thermoelectric Materials},
  series = {Progress in polymer science},
  volume    = {129},
  journal   = {Progress in polymer science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0079-6700},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101548},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Thanks to the combined effort s of scientist s in several research fields, the preceding decade has witnessed considerable progress in the use of conjugated polymers as emerging thermoelectric materials leading to significant improvements in performance and demonstration of a number of diverse applications. Despite these recent advances, systematic assessments of the impact of molecular design on thermoelectric properties are scarce. Although several reviews marginally highlight the role of chemical structure, the understanding of structure-performance relationships is still fragmented. An in-depth understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and thermoelectric properties will enable the rational design of next-generation thermoelectric polymers. To this end, this review showcases the state-of-the-art thermoelectric polymers, discusses structure-performance relationships, suggests strategies for improving thermoelectric performance that go beyond molecular design, and highlights some of the most impressive applications of thermoelectric polymers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OmorogieBabalolaUnuabonahetal.2016,
  author    = {Omorogie, Martins O. and Babalola, Jonathan Oyebamiji and Unuabonah, Emmanuel I. and Gong, Jian R.},
  title     = {Clean technology approach for the competitive binding of toxic metal ions onto MnO2 nano-bioextractant},
  series = {Clean technologies and environmental policy},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Clean technologies and environmental policy},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1618-954X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10098-015-1004-z},
  pages     = {171 -- 184},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The competitive extraction of Cr(III) onto Nauclea diderrichii seed epicarp doped with MnO2 nanoparticles (MnO2 nano-bioextractant (MNB)) in a single and binary batch system was studied. For validity of experimental data, chi square test, root mean square error, sum of the square errors, hybrid fractional error function, Marquart's percent standard deviation and standard absolute error were used. Among the kinetic models used, pseudo-second-order and Langmuir equations gave the best fits for the experimental data, with qe (mg g) for the uptake of Cr(III) in single metal system onto MNB, then Cr(III) with Cd(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), KCl and CaCl2 in binary metal systems onto MNB were 2.611, then 1.989, 1.016, 2.208, 1.249 and 1.868 from kinetic standpoint, respectively. The initial sorption rates, h (mg/g/min), and half lives, t1/2 (min), for the uptake of Cr(III) in single metal system onto MNB, then Cr(III) with Cd(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), KCl and CaCl2 in binary metal system onto MNB were 3.497, then 2.311, 2.274, 0.242, 2.956, 45.568 and 0.747, then 5.769, 1.766, 12.144, 1.762, and 2.415, respectively. Physicochemical surface analyses such as pH of point of zero charge, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller single point and multi-point techniques for surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were done on MNB and MnO2 nanoparticles in order to understand their surface microstructures. Desorption study showed that MNB can be recycled and used for future study. Hence, MNB showed good potential to remediate Cr(III) from wastewaters and polluted water.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LazurasBarkoukisMalliaetal.2017,
  author    = {Lazuras, Lambros and Barkoukis, Vassilis and Mallia, Luca and Lucidi, Fabio and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {More than a feeling: The role of anticipated regret in predicting doping intentions in adolescent athletes},
  series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.03.003},
  pages     = {196 -- 204},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Anticipated affective responses influence decision-making processes in profound ways. The present study emphasized the role of anticipated regret and assessed the additive and interactive effects of anticipated regret in predicting doping intentions among adolescent athletes. Design: Survey-based, correlational. Method: Two hundred and sixteen adolescent athletes (M age = 17.37, SD = 1.68, 79.1\% males) from team sports took part in the study and completed structured and anonymous questionnaires on social cognitive variables relevant to doping use, anticipated regret from engaging in doping and doping intentions. Results: Variance-based structural equation modeling showed that anticipated regret significantly predicted doping intentions over and above the effects of past use of doping substances and nutritional supplements, and other social cognitive predictors, and the overall model predicted 72\% of the variance in doping intentions. Further analysis of interaction effects showed that anticipated regret significantly interacted with past use of nutritional supplements, and subjective and descriptive social norms in predicting doping intentions. Conclusions: Anticipated regret represents a theoretically relevant and important predictor of doping intentions in sports, and can have a protective role against pro-doping use intentions among athletes with past use of nutritional supplements. Regret also appears to be relevant to social norms and expectations, thus, highlighting for the first time a normative component in the process linking anticipated affective responses with behavioural intentions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeWangHeetal.2022,
  author    = {He, Yushuang and Wang, Feipeng and He, Li and Wang, Qiang and Li, Jian and Qian, Yihua and Gerhard, Reimund and Plath, Ronald},
  title     = {An insight Into the role of Nano-Alumina on DC Flashover-Resistance and surface charge variation of Epoxy Nanocomposites},
  series = {IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers},
  address   = {Piscataway},
  issn      = {1070-9878},
  doi       = {10.1109/TDEI.2022.3173510},
  pages     = {1022 -- 1029},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9\% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8\% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandMelzerHagemann2011,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Melzer, Marcus and Hagemann, Norbert},
  title     = {Towards an implicit association test (IAT) for measuring doping attitudes in sports. Data-based recommendations developed from two recently published tests},
  series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.01.002},
  pages     = {250 -- 256},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Today, the doping attitudes of athletes can either be measured by asking athletes directly or with the help of indirect attitude measurement procedures as for example the implicit association test (IAT). Using indirect measures may be helpful for example when psychological effects of doping prevention programs shall be evaluated. In the present study we have analyzed and compared measurement properties of two recently published IATs. Design: The IATs "doping substance vs. tea blend" and "doping substance vs. legal nutritional supplement" were presented to two randomly assigned independent samples of 102 athletes (44 male, 58 female; mean age 23.6 years) from different sports. Both IATs were complemented by a control IAT "word vs. non-word". Methods: In order to test central measurement properties of both IATs, distributions of measured values, correlations with the control IAT, reliability analyses, and analyses of error rates were performed. Results: Results pointed to a rather negative doping attitude in most athletes. Especially the fact that in the "doping vs. supplement" IAT error rates (12\%) and adaptational learning effects across test blocks were substantial (eta(2) = .22), indicating that participants had difficulties correctly assigning the word stimuli to the respective category, we see slight advantages for the "doping vs. tea" IAT (e.g. satisfactory internal scale consistency Cronbach's-alpha = .78 among athletes reporting to be regularly involved in competitions). Conclusion: The less satisfactory measurement properties of the "doping vs. supplement" IAT can possibly be explained by the fact that the boundaries between (legal) supplements and (illegal) doping substances have been shifted from time to time so that athletes were not sure whether substances were legal or not.},
  language  = {en}
}