@article{EngbertNuthmannKliegl2007,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An lterative algorithm for the estimation of the distribution of mislocated fixations during reading},
  isbn      = {978-0-08-044980-7},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertNuthmannRichteretal.2005,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Richter, Eike M. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {SWIFT : A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading},
  issn      = {0033-295X},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Mathematical, models,have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, \& R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglNuthmannEngbert2006,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Tracking the mind during reading : the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations},
  issn      = {0096-3445},
  doi       = {10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye- mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannEngbert2009,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Mindless reading revisited : an analysis based on the SWIFT model of eye-movement control},
  issn      = {0042-6989},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.022},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In this article, we revisit the mindless reading paradigm from the perspective of computational modeling. In the standard version of the paradigm, participants read sentences in both their normal version as well as the transformed (or mindless) version where each letter is replaced with a z. z-String scanning shares the oculomotor requirements with reading but none of the higher-level lexical and semantic processes. Here we use the z-string scanning task to validate the SWIFT model of saccade generation [Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E., \& Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review, 112(4), 777-813] as an example for an advanced theory of eye-movement control in reading. We test the central assumption of spatially distributed processing across an attentional gradient proposed by the SWIFT model. Key experimental results like prolonged average fixation durations in z-string scanning compared to normal reading and the existence of a string-length effect on fixation durations and probabilities were reproduced by the model, which lends support to the model's assumptions on visual processing. Moreover, simulation results for patterns of regressive saccades in z-string scanning confirm SWIFT's concept of activation field dynamics for the selection of saccade targets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannEngbertKliegl2005,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Refixation probability during reading is lowest near the word center, suggestive of an optimal viewing position (OVP). Counter-intuitively, fixation durations are largest at the OVP, a result called the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect [Vitu, McConkie, Kerr, \& O'Regan, (2001). Vision Research 41, 3513-3533]. Current models of eye-movement control in reading fail to reproduce the IOVP effect. We propose a simple mechanism for generating this effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations due to saccadic errors, First, we propose an algorithm for estimating proportions of mislocated fixations from experimental data yielding a higher probability for mislocated fixations near word boundaries. Second, we assume that mislocated fixations trigger an immediate start of a new saccade program causing a decrease of associated durations. Thus, the IOVP effect could emerge as a result of a coupling between cognitive and oculomotor processes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannEngbertKliegl2007,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., \& Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannEngbertKliegl2006,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Messung von Blickbewegungen},
  isbn      = {978-3-8017-1846-6},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{NuthmannKliegl2009,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data},
  issn      = {1534-7362},
  doi       = {10.1167/9.5.31},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannKliegl2009,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Preferred viewing locations : a validation},
  issn      = {0301-0066},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannSmithEngbertetal.2010,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Smith, Tim J. and Engbert, Ralf and Henderson, John M.},
  title     = {CRISP: a computational model of fixation duration in scene viewing},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Eye-movement control during scene viewing can be represented as a series of individual decisions about where and when to move the eyes. While substantial behavioral and computational research has been devoted to investigating the placement of fixations in scenes, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that control fixation durations. Here, we propose a computational model (CRISP) that accounts for saccade timing and programming and thus for variations in fixation durations in scene viewing. First, timing signals are modeled as continuous-time random walks. Second, difficulties at the level of visual and cognitive processing can inhibit and thus modulate saccade timing. Inhibition generates moment-by-moment changes in the random walk's transition rate and processing-related saccade cancellation. Third, saccade programming is completed in 2 stages: an initial, labile stage that is subject to cancellation and a subsequent, nonlabile stage. Several simulation studies tested the model's adequacy and generality. An initial simulation study explored the role of cognitive factors in scene viewing by examining how fixation durations differed under different viewing task instructions. Additional simulations investigated the degree to which fixation durations were under direct moment-to-moment control of the current visual scene. The present work further supports the conclusion that fixation durations, to a certain degree, reflect perceptual and cognitive activity in scene viewing. Computational model simulations contribute to an understanding of the underlying processes of gaze control.},
  language  = {en}
}