@article{BersalliTroendleHeckmannetal.2024,
  author    = {Bersalli, Germ{\´a}n and Tr{\"o}ndle, Tim and Heckmann, Leon and Lilliestam, Johan},
  title     = {Economic crises as critical junctures for policy and structural changes towards decarbonization},
  series = {Climate policy},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Climate policy},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1469-3062},
  doi       = {10.1080/14693062.2024.2301750},
  pages     = {410 -- 427},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Crises may act as tipping points for decarbonization pathways by triggering structural economic change or offering windows of opportunity for policy change. We investigate both types of effects of the global financial and COVID-19 crises on decarbonization in Spain and Germany through a quantitative Kaya-decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions and through a qualitative review of climate and energy policy changes. We show that the global financial crisis resulted in a critical juncture for Spanish CO2 emissions due to the combined effects of the deep economic recession and crisis-induced structural change, resulting in reductions in carbon and energy intensities and shifts in the economic structure. However, the crisis also resulted in a rollback of renewable energy policy, halting progress in the transition to green electricity. The impacts were less pronounced in Germany, where pre-existing decarbonization and policy trends continued after the crisis. Recovery packages had modest effects, primarily due to their temporary nature and the limited share of climate-related spending. The direct short-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on CO2 emissions were more substantial in Spain than in Germany. The policy responses in both countries sought to align short-term economic recovery with the long-term climate change goals of decarbonization, but it is too soon to observe their lasting effects. Our findings show that crises can affect structural change and support decarbonization but suggest that such effects depend on pre-existing trends, the severity of the crisis and political manoeuvring during the crisis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{McKennaPfenningerHeinrichsetal.2022,
  author    = {McKenna, Russell and Pfenninger, Stefan and Heinrichs, Heidi and Schmidt, Johannes and Staffell, Iain and Bauer, Christian and Gruber, Katharina and Hahmann, Andrea N. and Jansen, Malte and Klingler, Michael and Landwehr, Natascha and Lars{\´e}n, Xiaoli Guo and Lilliestam, Johan and Pickering, Bryn and Robinius, Martin and Tr{\"o}ndle, Tim and Turkovska, Olga and Wehrle, Sebastian and Weinand, Jann Michael and Wohland, Jan},
  title     = {High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments},
  series = {Renewable energy},
  volume    = {182},
  journal   = {Renewable energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0960-1481},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.027},
  pages     = {659 -- 684},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The rapid uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades has increased the demand of energy researchers, policymakers and energy planners for reliable data on the spatial distribution of their costs and potentials. For onshore wind energy this has resulted in an active research field devoted to analysing these resources for regions, countries or globally. A particular thread of this research attempts to go beyond purely technical or spatial restrictions and determine the realistic, feasible or actual potential for wind energy. Motivated by these developments, this paper reviews methods and assumptions for analysing geographical, technical, economic and, finally, feasible onshore wind potentials. We address each of these potentials in turn, including aspects related to land eligibility criteria, energy meteorology, and technical developments of wind turbine characteristics such as power density, specific rotor power and spacing aspects. Economic aspects of potential assessments are central to future deployment and are discussed on a turbine and system level covering levelized costs depending on locations, and the system integration costs which are often overlooked in such analyses. Non-technical approaches include scenicness assessments of the landscape, constraints due to regulation or public opposition, expert and stakeholder workshops, willingness to pay/accept elicitations and socioeconomic cost-benefit studies. For each of these different potential estimations, the state of the art is critically discussed, with an attempt to derive best practice recommendations and highlight avenues for future research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BersalliTroendleLilliestam2023,
  author    = {Bersalli, Germ{\´a}n and Tr{\"o}ndle, Tim and Lilliestam, Johan},
  title     = {Most industrialised countries have peaked carbon dioxide emissions during economic crises through strengthened structural change},
  series = {Communications earth \& environment},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Communications earth \& environment},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2662-4435},
  doi       = {10.1038/s43247-023-00687-8},
  pages     = {44 -- 44},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {As the climate targets tighten and countries are impacted by several crises, understanding how and under which conditions carbon dioxide emissions peak and start declining is gaining importance. We assess the timing of emissions peaks in all major emitters (1965-2019) and the extent to which past economic crises have impacted structural drivers of emissions contributing to emission peaks. We show that in 26 of 28 countries that have peaked emissions, the peak occurred just before or during a recession through the combined effect of lower economic growth (1.5 median percentage points per year) and decreasing energy and/or carbon intensity (0.7) during and after the crisis. In peak-and-decline countries, crises have typically magnified pre-existing improvements in structural change. In non-peaking countries, economic growth was less affected, and structural change effects were weaker or increased emissions. Crises do not automatically trigger peaks but may strengthen ongoing decarbonisation trends through several mechanisms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TroendleLilliestamMarellietal.2020,
  author    = {Tr{\"o}ndle, Tim and Lilliestam, Johan and Marelli, Stefano and Pfenninger, Stefan},
  title     = {Trade-offs between geographic scale, cost, and infrastructure requirements for fully renewable electricity in Europe},
  series = {Joule},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Joule},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Cell Press},
  address   = {Cambridge , Mass.},
  issn      = {2542-4351},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.018},
  pages     = {1929 -- 1948},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The European potential for renewable electricity is sufficient to enable fully renewable supply on different scales, from self-sufficient, subnational regions to an interconnected continent. We not only show that a continental-scale system is the cheapest, but also that systems on the national scale and below are possible at cost penalties of 20\% or less. Transmission is key to low cost, but it is not necessary to vastly expand the transmission system. When electricity is transmitted only to balance fluctuations, the transmission grid size is comparable to today's, albeit with expanded cross-border capacities. The largest differences across scales concern land use and thus social acceptance: in the continental system, generation capacity is concentrated on the European periphery, where the best resources are. Regional systems, in contrast, have more dispersed generation. The key trade-off is therefore not between geographic scale and cost, but between scale and the spatial distribution of required generation and transmission infrastructure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{TroendleLilliestamMarellietal.2020,
  author    = {Tr{\"o}ndle, Tim and Lilliestam, Johan and Marelli, Stefano and Pfenninger, Stefan},
  title     = {Trade-offs between geographic scale, cost, and infrastructure requirements for fully renewable electricity in Europe},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53961},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-539611},
  pages     = {1929 -- 1948},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The European potential for renewable electricity is sufficient to enable fully renewable supply on different scales, from self-sufficient, subnational regions to an interconnected continent. We not only show that a continental-scale system is the cheapest, but also that systems on the national scale and below are possible at cost penalties of 20\% or less. Transmission is key to low cost, but it is not necessary to vastly expand the transmission system. When electricity is transmitted only to balance fluctuations, the transmission grid size is comparable to today's, albeit with expanded cross-border capacities. The largest differences across scales concern land use and thus social acceptance: in the continental system, generation capacity is concentrated on the European periphery, where the best resources are. Regional systems, in contrast, have more dispersed generation. The key trade-off is therefore not between geographic scale and cost, but between scale and the spatial distribution of required generation and transmission infrastructure.},
  language  = {en}
}