@article{WarschburgerGmeinerBondueetal.2023,
  author    = {Warschburger, Petra and Gmeiner, Michaela Silvia and Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Klein, Alexandra-Maria and Busching, Robert and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Self-regulation as a resource for coping with developmental challenges during middle childhood and adolescence},
  series = {BMC Psychology},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {BMC Psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2050-7283},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40359-023-01140-3},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Background Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample. Methods/design Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2\% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood. Discussion With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RuzanskaWarschburger2019,
  author    = {Ruzanska, Ulrike Alexandra and Warschburger, Petra},
  title     = {Intuitive eating mediates the relationship between self-regulation and BMI},
  series = {Eating behaviors},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Eating behaviors},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1471-0153},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.02.004},
  pages     = {23 -- 29},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Self-regulation is a dispositional skill of regulating attention and emotion to attain a certain goal. Poor self-regulation is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) and is a risk factor for the development of obesity. Intuitive eating, an adaptive eating style characterized by eating in response to internal cues of hunger and satiety, is associated with a lower BMI. Using cross-sectional data, this study examined whether intuitive eating mediates the relationship between self-regulation and BMI in a community sample of adults. Participants (N = 530) completed the Self-Regulation Scale, the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 with its facets Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE), Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons (EPR), Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues (RHSC) and Body-Food Choice Congruence (B-FCC). They also self-reported their height and weight. Using percentile bootstrap resampling procedures, the simple mediation analysis showed an indirect relationship between self-regulation and BMI through intuitive eating. The multiple mediation analysis revealed that EPR and B-FCC, but not UPE and RHSC, mediated the relationship between self-regulation and BMI. Intuitive eating seems to play an important intermediating role in the relationship between self-regulation and BMI. Regarding weight management interventions, it could be useful to promote intuitive eating, especially for individuals with low self-regulation. Prospective studies are needed to explore the causal and temporal relationships among self-regulation, intuitive eating and BMI.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WarnerLensingFay2017,
  author    = {Warner, Greta J. and Lensing, Johanna Nele and Fay, Doris},
  title     = {Personal initiative},
  series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0193-3973},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.004},
  pages     = {114 -- 125},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Although the effects of personal initiative (PI) on adults' performance and other favorable outcomes are well documented, research has only recently begun to study PI in childhood. This study aimed at examining the development of PI, its predictors, and its developmental effects from childhood to early adolescence. A total of 1,593 German children participated in a longitudinal study starting at Grades 2 to 4, with a second measurement wave two years later. Latent change score analyses revealed that 1) children differed significantly in their change scores of PI, that 2) executive functions and positive parenting predicted change scores in PI, and that 3) high initial levels and change scores in PI reduced the development of internalizing and externalizing problems and supported the development of prosocial behavior and academic competencies. These findings endorse the plasticity of PI and shed light on the active part of children in promoting their own development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EnglertWolff2015,
  author    = {Englert, Chris and Wolff, Wanja},
  title     = {Ego depletion and persistent performance in a cycling task},
  series = {International journal of sport and exercise psychology},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {International journal of sport and exercise psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Pozzi},
  address   = {Roma},
  issn      = {0047-0767},
  doi       = {10.7352/IJSP2015.46.137},
  pages     = {137 -- 151},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We tested the assumption that persistent performance in an exhausting indoor cycling task would depend on momentarily available self-control strength (N = 20 active participants). In a within-subjects design (two points of measurement, exactly seven days apart), participants' self-control strength was experimentally manipulated (depletion: yes vs. no; order counterbalanced) via the Stroop test before the participants performed a cycling task. In line with our hypothesis, hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) revealed that participants consistently performed worse over a period of 18 minutes when they were ego depleted. In addition, HLM analysis revealed that depleted participants invested less effort in the cycling task, as indicated by their lower heart rate. This effect escalated over time, as indicated by a time x condition interaction. These results indicate that self-control strength is necessary to obtain an optimal level of performance in endurance tasks requiring high levels of persistence. Practical implications are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerbertHerbertPollatosetal.2012,
  author    = {Herbert, Beate M. and Herbert, Cornelia and Pollatos, Olga and Weimer, Katja and Enck, Paul and Sauer, Helene and Zipfel, Stephan},
  title     = {Effects of short-term food deprivation on interoceptive awareness, feelings and autonomic cardiac activity},
  series = {Biological psychology},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Biological psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0301-0511},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.004},
  pages     = {71 -- 79},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The perception of internal bodily signals (interoception) plays a relevant role for emotion processing and feelings. This study investigated changes of interoceptive awareness and cardiac autonomic activity induced by short-term food deprivation and its relationship to hunger and affective experience. 20 healthy women were exposed to 24 h of food deprivation in a controlled setting. Interoceptive awareness was assessed by using a heartbeat tracking task. Felt hunger, cardiac autonomic activity, mood and subjective appraisal of interoceptive sensations were assessed before and after fasting. Results show that short-term fasting intensifies interoceptive awareness, not restricted to food cues, via changes of autonomic cardiac and/or cardiodynamic activity. The increase of interoceptive awareness was positively related to felt hunger. Additionally, the results demonstrate the role of cardiac vagal activity as a potential index of emotion related self-regulation, for hunger, mood and the affective appraisal of interoceptive signals during acute fasting.},
  language  = {en}
}