@article{Doerfler2022,
  author    = {D{\"o}rfler, Thomas},
  title     = {The effect of expert recommendations on intergovernmental decision-making},
  series = {International relations : the journal of the David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {International relations : the journal of the David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0047-1178},
  doi       = {10.1177/00471178211033941},
  pages     = {237 -- 261},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The article explores whether and to what extent expert recommendations affect decision-making within the Security Council and its North Korea and Iran sanctions regimes. The article first develops a rationalist theoretical argument to show why making many second-stage decisions, such as determining lists of items under export restrictions, subjects Security Council members to repeating coordination situations. Expert recommendations may provide focal point solutions to coordination problems, even when interests diverge and preferences remain stable. Empirically, the article first explores whether expert recommendations affected decision-making on commodity sanctions imposed on North Korea. Council members heavily relied on recommended export trigger lists as focal points, solving a divisive conflict among great powers. Second, the article explores whether expert recommendations affected the designation of sanctions violators in the Iran sanctions regime. Council members designated individuals and entities following expert recommendations as focal points, despite conflicting interests among great powers. The article concludes that expert recommendations are an additional means of influence in Security Council decision-making and seem relevant for second-stage decision-making among great powers in other international organisations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Heinzel2022,
  author    = {Heinzel, Mirko Noa},
  title     = {Mediating power?},
  series = {The British journal of politics \& international relations : BJPIR},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {The British journal of politics \& international relations : BJPIR},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1467-856X},
  doi       = {10.1177/1369148121992761},
  pages     = {153 -- 170},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The selection of the executive heads of international organisations represents a key decision in the politics of international organisations. However, we know little about what dynamics influence this selection. The article focuses on the nationality of selected executive heads. It argues that institutional design impacts the factors that influence leadership selection by shaping the costs and benefits of attaining the position for member states' nationals. The argument is tested with novel data on the nationality of individuals in charge of 69 international organisation bureaucracies between 1970 and 2017. Two findings stand out: first, powerful countries are more able to secure positions in international organisations in which executive heads are voted in by majority voting. Second, less consistent evidence implies that powerful countries secure more positions when bureaucracies are authoritative. The findings have implications for debates on international cooperation by illustrating how power and institutions interact in the selection of international organisation executive heads.},
  language  = {en}
}