@article{RezaRottlerToelleetal.2015,
  author    = {Reza, M. Toufiq and Rottler, Erwin and T{\"o}lle, Rainer and Werner, Maja and Ramm, Patrice and Mumme, Jan},
  title     = {Production, characterization, and biogas application of magnetic hydrochar from cellulose},
  series = {Bioresource technology : biomass, bioenergy, biowastes, conversion technologies, biotransformation, production technologies},
  volume    = {186},
  journal   = {Bioresource technology : biomass, bioenergy, biowastes, conversion technologies, biotransformation, production technologies},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0960-8524},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.044},
  pages     = {34 -- 43},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) produces carbon-rich nano-micro size particles. In this study, magnetic hydrochar (MHC) was prepared from model compound cellulose by simply adding ferrites during HTC. The effects of ferrites on HTC were evaluated by characterizing solid MHC and corresponding process liquid. Additionally, magnetic stability of MHC was tested by magnetic susceptibility method. Finally, MHC was used as support media for anaerobic films in anaerobic digestion (AD). Ash-free mass yield was around 50\% less in MHC than hydrochar produced without ferrites at any certain HTC reaction condition, where organic part of MHC is mainly carbon. In fact, amorphous hydrochar was growing on the surface of inorganic ferrites. MHC maintained magnetic susceptibility regardless of reaction time at reaction temperature 250 degrees C. Pronounced inhibitory effects of magnetic hydrochar occurred during start-up of AD but diminished with prolong AD times. Visible biofilms were observed on the MHC by laser scanning microscope after AD. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThuenemannKlobesWielandetal.2011,
  author    = {Thuenemann, Andreas F. and Klobes, Peter and Wieland, Christoph and Bruzzano, Stefano},
  title     = {On the nanostructure of micrometer-sized cellulose beads},
  series = {Analytical \& bioanalytical chemistry},
  volume    = {401},
  journal   = {Analytical \& bioanalytical chemistry},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1618-2642},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00216-011-5176-z},
  pages     = {1101 -- 1108},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The analysis of the porosity of materials is an important and challenging field in analytical chemistry. The gas adsorption and mercury intrusion methods are the most established techniques for quantification of specific surface areas, but unfortunately, dry materials are mandatory for their applicability. All porous materials that contain water and other solvents in their functional state must be dried before analysis. In this process, care has to be taken since the removal of solvent bears the risk of an incalculable alteration of the pore structure, especially for soft materials. In the present paper, we report on the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as an alternative analysis method for the investigation of the micro and mesopores within cellulose beads in their native, i.e., water-swollen state; in this context, they represent a typical soft material. We show that even gentle removal of the bound water reduces the specific surface area dramatically from 161 to 109 m(2) g(-1) in cellulose bead sample type MT50 and from 417 to 220 m(2) g(-1) in MT100. Simulation of the SAXS curves with a bimodal pore size distribution model reveals that the smallest pores with radii up to 10 nm are greatly affected by drying, whereas pores with sizes in the range of 10 to 70 nm are barely affected. The SAXS results were compared with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller results from nitrogen sorption measurements and with mercury intrusion experiments.},
  language  = {en}
}