@article{AvramiSprinz2018,
  author    = {Avrami, Lydia and Sprinz, Detlef F.},
  title     = {Measuring and explaining the EU's effect on national climate performance},
  series = {Environmental Politics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Environmental Politics},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0964-4016},
  doi       = {10.1080/09644016.2018.1494945},
  pages     = {822 -- 846},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008-2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy's effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU's policy effectiveness vis-{\`a}-vis its member states is explained by the EU's non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU's non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.},
  language  = {en}
}