TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kersting, Norbert
A1  - Kuhlmann, Sabine
T1  - Sub-municipal Units in Germany
T2  - Sub-municipal Units in Germany: Municipal and Metropolitan Districts
N2  - Sub-municipal units (SMUs) in Germany differ in German Länder. In Berlin, Hamburg and München Metropole Districts fulfill a number of quasi-municipal self-government rights and functions. They have their own budget and strong councils, as well as mayors. In all other Länder, most sub-municipal councils were subordinated under the municipal council and directly elected mayor heading the administration. SMUs were introduced as a kind of compensation with different territorial reforms in the 1970s. Although directly elected, sub-municipal councilors are weak, and their advisory role competes with other newly established advisory boards. Here the focus remains on traffic and town planning. Some sub-municipal councils fulfill smaller administrative functions and become more relevant and important in recent decentralization strategies of neighborhood development.
Y1  - 2018
UR  - https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/54555
SN  - 978-3-319-64725-8
SN  - 978-3-319-64724-1
SP  - 93
EP  - 118
PB  - Palgrave
CY  - Basingstoke
ER  -