TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wilke, Franziska Daniela Helena
A1  - Vieth-Hillebrand, Andrea
A1  - Naumann, Rudolf
A1  - Erzinger, Jörg
A1  - Horsfield, Brian
T1  - Induced mobility of inorganic and organic solutes from black shales using water extraction: Implications for shale gas exploitation
T2  - Applied geochemistry : journal of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry
N2  - The study reported here evaluates the degree to which metals, salt anions and organic compounds are released from shales by exposure to water, either in its pure form or mixed with additives commonly employed during shale gas exploitation. The experimental conditions used here were not intended to simulate the exploitation process itself, but nevertheless provided important insights into the effects additives have on solute partition behaviour under oxic to sub-oxic redox conditions.
 In order to investigate the mobility of major (e.g. Ca, Fe) and trace (e.g. As, Cd, Co, Mo, Pb, U) elements and selected organic compounds, we performed leaching tests with black shale samples from Bornholm, Denmark and Lower Saxony, Germany. Short-term experiments (24 h) were carried out at ambient pressure and temperatures of 100 degrees C using five different lab-made stimulation fluids. Two long-term experiments under elevated pressure and temperature conditions at 100 degrees C/100 bar were performed lasting 6 and 2 months, respectively, using a stimulation fluid containing commercially-available biocide, surfactant, friction reducer and clay stabilizer.
 Our results show that the amount of dissolved constituents at the end of the experiment is independent of the pH of the stimulation fluid but highly dependent on the composition of the black shale and the buffering capacity of specific components, namely pyrite and carbonates. Shales containing carbonates buffer the solution at pH 7-8. Sulphide minerals (e.g. pyrite) become oxidized and generate sulphuric acid leading to a pH of 2-3. This low pH is responsible for the overall much larger amount of cations dissolved from shales containing pyrite but little to no carbonate. The amount of elements released into the fluid is also dependent on the residence time, since as much as half of the measured 23 elements show highest concentrations within four days. Afterwards, the concentration of most of the elemental species decreased pointing to secondary precipitations. Generally, in our experiments less than 15% of each analysed element contained in the black shale was mobilised into the fluid. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Unconventional gas
KW  - Black shales
KW  - Stimulation fluids
KW  - Element mobility
KW  - Batch experiments
Y1  - 2015
UR  - https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/38396
SN  - 0883-2927
VL  - 63
SP  - 158
EP  - 168
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -