@article{Butler2010,
  author    = {Butler, Mark},
  title     = {On reality and simulation in an extra-moral sense},
  series = {DIGAREC series},
  journal   = {DIGAREC series},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1867-6227},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-42787},
  pages     = {212 -- 236},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This paper is a critical examination of the relationship between reality and simulation. After a brief theoretical introduction, it unfolds its argument on an empirical level, using a thick game playing description of GRAND THEFT AUTO IV. This in-game experience serves as material for the subsequent analysis, in the course of which defining characteristics of computer game playing are formulated. Finally, on the basis of this analysis, the paper postulates the hypothesis that playing computer games like GTA IV promotes competency in deconstructing simulations and implements a cyclic logic of recreation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GuenzelLiebeMerschetal.2010,
  author    = {G{\"u}nzel, Stephan and Liebe, Michael and Mersch, Dieter and K{\"u}cklich, Julian and Warnke, Martin and Cermak-Sassenrath, Daniel and Michael, Nitsche and Nohr, Rolf F. and Wenz, Karin and Wiemer, Serjoscha and Venus, Jochen and Butler, Mark},
  title     = {Logic and structure of the computer game},
  editor    = {G{\"u}nzel, Stephan and Liebe, Michael and Mersch, Dieter},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-064-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-42695},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The fourth volume of the DIGAREC Series holds the proceedings to the conference "Logic and Structure of the Computer Game", held at the House of Brandenburg- Prussian History in Potsdam on November 6 and 7, 2009. The conference was the first to explicitly address the medial logic and structure of the computer game. The contributions focus on the specific potential for mediation and on the unique form of mediation inherent in digital games. This includes existent, yet scattered approaches to develop a unique curriculum of game studies. In line with the concept of 'mediality', the notions of aesthetics, interactivity, software architecture, interface design, iconicity, spatiality, and rules are of special interest. Presentations were given by invited German scholars and were commented on by international respondents in a dialogical structure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneidemesserSibiyaCaseiroetal.2021,
  author    = {Schneidemesser, Erika von and Sibiya, Bheki and Caseiro, Alexandre and Butler, Tim and Lawrence, Mark and Leitao, Joana and Lupa{\c{s}}cu, Aura and Salvador, Pedro},
  title     = {Learning from the COVID-19 lockdown in Berlin},
  series = {Atmospheric environment: X},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Atmospheric environment: X},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2590-1621},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100122},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Urban air pollution is a substantial threat to human health. Traffic emissions remain a large contributor to air pollution in urban areas. The mobility restrictions put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic provided a large-scale real-world experiment that allows for the evaluation of changes in traffic emissions and the corresponding changes in air quality. Here we use observational data, as well as modelling, to analyse changes in nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter resulting from the COVID-19 restrictions at the height of the lockdown period in Spring of 2020. Accounting for the influence of meteorology on air quality, we found that reduction of ca. 30-50 \% in traffic counts, dominated by changes in passenger cars, corresponded to reductions in median observed nitrogen dioxide concentrations of ca. 40 \% (traffic and urban background locations) and a ca. 22 \% increase in ozone (urban background locations) during weekdays. Lesser reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations were observed at urban background stations at weekends, and no change in ozone was observed. The modelled reductions in median nitrogen dioxide at urban background locations were smaller than the observed reductions and the change was not significant. The model results showed no significant change in ozone on weekdays or weekends. The lack of a simulated weekday/weekend effect is consistent with previous work suggesting that NOx emissions from traffic could be significantly underestimated in European cities by models. These results indicate the potential for improvements in air quality due to policies for reducing traffic, along with the scale of reductions that would be needed to result in meaningful changes in air quality if a transition to sustainable mobility is to be seriously considered. They also confirm once more the highly relevant role of traffic for air quality in urban areas.},
  language  = {en}
}