@article{ChenLiZhangetal.2019,
  author    = {Chen, Shun-Gang and Li, Ji and Zhang, Fan and Xiao, Bo and Hu, Jia-Ming and Cui, Yin-Qiu and Hofreiter, Michael and Hou, Xin-Dong and Sheng, Gui-Lian and Lai, Xu-Long and Yuan, Jun-Xia},
  title     = {Different maternal lineages revealed by ancient mitochondrial genome of Camelus bactrianus from China},
  series = {Mitochondrial DNA Part A},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Mitochondrial DNA Part A},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {2470-1394},
  doi       = {10.1080/24701394.2019.1659250},
  pages     = {786 -- 793},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) used to be one of the most important livestock species in Chinese history, as well as the major transport carrier on the ancient Silk Road. However, archeological studies on Chinese C. bactrianus are still limited, and molecular biology research on this species is mainly focused on modern specimens. In this study, we retrieved the complete mitochondrial genome from a C. bactrianus specimen, which was excavated from northwestern China and dated at 1290-1180 cal. Phylogenetic analyses using 18 mitochondrial genomes indicated that the C. bactrianus clade was divided into two maternal lineages. The majority of samples originating from Iran to Japan and Mongolia belong to subclade A1, while our sample together with two Mongolian individuals formed the much smaller subclade A2. Furthermore, the divergence time of these two maternal lineages was estimated as 165 Kya (95\% credibility interval 117-222 Kya), this might indicate that several different evolutionary lineages were incorporated into the domestic gene pool during the initial domestication process. Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analysis a slow increase in female effective population size of C. bactrianus from 5000 years ago, which to the beginning of domestication of C. bactrianus. The present study also revealed that there were extensive exchanges of genetic information among C. bactrianus populations in regions along the Silk Road.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YuanShengPreicketal.2020,
  author    = {Yuan, Junxia and Sheng, Guilian and Preick, Michaela and Sun, Boyang and Hou, Xindong and Chen, Shungang and Taron, Ulrike Helene and Barlow, Axel and Wang, Linying and Hu, Jiaming and Deng, Tao and Lai, Xulong and Hofreiter, Michael},
  title     = {Mitochondrial genomes of Late Pleistocene caballine horses from China belong to a separate clade},
  series = {Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal},
  volume    = {250},
  journal   = {Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
  issn      = {0277-3791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106691},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {There were several species of Equus in northern China during the Late Pleistocene, including Equus przewalskii and Equus dalianensis. A number of morphological studies have been carried out on E. przewalskii and E. dalianensis, but their evolutionary history is still unresolved. In this study, we retrieved near-complete mitochondrial genomes from E. dalianensis and E. przewalskii specimens excavated from Late Pleistocene strata in northeastern China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that caballoid horses were divided into two subclades: the New World and the Old World caballine horse subclades. The Old World caballine horses comprise of two deep phylogenetic lineages, with modern and ancient Equus caballus and modern E. przewalskii forming lineage I, and the individuals in this study together with one Yakut specimen forming lineage II. Our results indicate that Chinese Late Pleistocene caballoid horses showed a closer relationship to other Eurasian caballine horses than that to Pleistocene horses from North America. In addition, phylogenetic analyses suggested a close relationship between E. dalianensis and the Chinese fossil E. przewalskii, in agreement with previous researches based on morphological analyses. Interestingly, E. dalianensis and the fossil E. przewalskii were intermixed rather than split into distinct lineages, suggesting either that gene flow existed between these two species or that morphology-based species assignment of palaeontological specimens is not always correct. Moreover, Bayesian analysis showed that the divergence time between the New World and the Old World caballoid horses was at 1.02 Ma (95\% CI: 0.86-1.24 Ma), and the two Old World lineages (I \& II) split at 0.88 Ma (95\% CI: 0.69-1.13 Ma), which indicates that caballoid horses seem to have evolved into different populations in the Old World soon after they migrated from North America via the Bering Land Bridge. Finally, the TMRCA of E. dalianensis was estimated at 0.20 Ma (95\% CI: 0.15-0.28 Ma), and it showed a relative low genetic diversity compared with other Equus species.},
  language  = {en}
}